SAMPLE 6

　　[歷史學類]

　　題目序號

　　題型歸類

　　第1題

　　審題定位題型

　　第2題

　　細節理解題型

　　第3題

　　歸納推導題型

　　第4題

　　細節理解題型

　　第5題

　　審題定位題型

　　Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of theUnited States by applying new social research findings on the experiences ofEuropean migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizingprinciple for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. Hisapproach rests on four separate propositions.

　　The first of these asserts that residents of early modern Englandmoved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simplya natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction forthe English they would rather have stayed home by the eighteenthcentury people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as theland of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to the notion thatused to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical NewWorld community. For example, the economic and demographic character of earlyNew England towns varied considerably.

　　Bailyns third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing amongthe many thousands of migrants: one group came as indentured servants, anothercame to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those who recruitedindentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. Thesecolonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who cameto preindustrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers wererecruited; by the 1730s, however, American employers demanded skilled artisans.

　　Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilizedhinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insistthat the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide theempire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues theachievements of colonial culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that highculture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what ofseventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university, and published books? Bailyn might respondthat New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developedby New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.

　　Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands ofindentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to linktheir experience with the political development of the United States. Evidencepresented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. Theseindentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they hadsold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon asthey served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed westto ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in thewest that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists whowere suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.

　　1. Which of the following statements about migrants to colonialNorth America is supported by information in the text?

　　[A] A larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America cameas indentured servants than as free agents interested in acquiring land.

　　[B] Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants weremore successful at making a livelihood than were farmers and artisans.

　　[C] Migrants to colonial North America were more successful atacquiring their own land during the eighteenth century than during the seventeenthcentury.

　　[D] By the 1730s, migrants already skilled in a trade were in more demand byAmerican employers than were unskilled laborers.

　　2. The author of the text states that Bailyn failed to

　　[A] give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and politicalinterdependence of the colonies and England.

　　[B] describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgroundspreserved their culture in the United States.

　　[C] take advantage of social research on the experiences ofcolonists who migrated to colonial North America specifically to acquire land.

　　[D] relate the experience of the migrants to the political valuesthat eventually shaped the character of the United States.

　　3. Which of the following best summarizes the authors evaluationof Bailyns fourth proposition?

　　[A] It is totally implausible.

　　[B] It is partially acceptable.

　　[C] It is highly admirable.

　　[D] It is controversial though persuasive.

　　4. According to the text, Bailyn and the author agree on which ofthe following statements about the culture of colonial New England?

　　[A] High culture in New England never equaled the high culture ofEngland.

　　[B] The cultural achievements of colonial New England have generallybeen unrecognized by historians.

　　[C] The colonists imitated the high culture of England, and did notdevelop a culture that was uniquely their own.

　　[D] The southern colonies were greatly influenced by the highculture of New England.

　　5. The author of the text would be most likely to agree with whichof the following statements about Bailyns work?

　　[A] Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on NorthAmerican culture.

　　[B] Bailyn overemphasizes the economic dependence of the colonies onGreat Britain.

　　[C] Bailyns description of the colonies as part of an Anglo-American empire ismisleading and incorrect.

　　[D] Bailyn failed to test his propositions on a specific group ofmigrants to colonial North America.

　　[答案與考點解析]

　　1. 【答案】D

　　【考點解析】這是一道審題定位題。題干中的migrants一詞暗示本題的答案信息在第一段或第三段，因為這兩段的首句都含有migrants一詞。又根據題干中的supported一詞，我們可以推斷出本題的答案信息來源應該在原文的第三段，因為作者應該在第三段提出相應證據來支持自己的觀點。通過仔細閱讀和理解第三段，尤其是第三段的尾句，我們可以推導出本題的正確選項應該是D。考生在解題時一定要有審題定位的能力，更要具備善于理解原文中啟承轉合所傳達的含義。

　　2. 【答案】D

　　【考點解析】這是一道細節理解題。題干中的failed一詞暗示本題的答案信息應該在尾段，因為尾段中含有fails一詞。根據閱讀和理解首段尾句，我們可以推導出本題的正確選項是D。考生在解題時一定要善于理解原文中所傳達的中心含義。

　　3. 【答案】B

　　【考點解析】本題是一道歸納推導題。本題題干中的Bailyns fourth proposition將本題的答案信息來源確定在原文的第四段。通過仔細閱讀和理解本段的每一句話，尤其是第二、三句話和四、五句話，我們可以推導出本題的正確選項應該是B。考生在解題時一定要善于歸納和推導原文的內容，更要善于體會上下句之間的語意關系。

　　4. 【答案】A

　　【考點解析】這是一道細節推導題。題干中的culture一詞暗示本題的答案信息來源在第四段，因為第四段首句包含culture一詞。通過仔細閱讀和理解第四段的每一句話，尤其是第四句，我們可以推導出本題的正確選項應該是A。考生在解題時一定要注意原文中重點詞語所表達的含義，以及重點詞語在選項中的替換形式。

　　5. 【答案】A

　　【考點解析】這是一道審題定位題。題干并沒有明確指出本題答案信息在原文中的準確位置。在這種情況下，考生一定要抓住全文的中心主旨，以及每段的核心句。本題的答案信息來源在第四段的尾句，這是一個由轉折詞however引導的句子。通過仔細閱讀理解本句，我們可以推導出本題的正確選項是A。考生在解題時一定要重視原文中表達啟承轉合的詞語，因為這往往是出題的重點。

　　[參考譯文]

　　Bernard Bailyn最近通過運用關于歐洲移民經歷的新的社會研究成果重新解釋了美國的早期歷史。在他的重新解釋中，遷徙成了重寫北美前工業化歷史的重要依據。其主張可分為四個獨立的觀點。

　　第一點斷言，近代早期的英國居民經常在鄉下流動，因此后來他們遷移到新大陸僅僅是一種自然外流。雖然最初時殖民地對英國人沒有多少正面的誘惑力他們寧愿留在本土。到18世紀時，移往美洲的人數卻增加了，因為他們將那兒看作是充滿機遇的地方。第二，Bailyn認為，和以往美國歷史教材中慣用的觀念相反，從來就沒有過一個典型的新大陸社會，例如，早期新英格蘭城鎮中的經濟和人口特點就很不相同。

　　Bailyn的第三個觀點是，成千上萬的移民中最常見的是兩種普遍類型：一組是簽約的仆人，另一組是為土地而來。令人驚異的是：Bailyn認為那些征召簽約仆人的人是這種跨越大西洋移民遷徙的推動力。這些殖民地的企業主幫助那些來到前工業化北美社會的人確定其社會屬性。起初，成千上萬未受過培訓的勞動力被征召，然而到了18世紀30年代，美洲雇主開始需求技術熟練的技工。

　　第四，Bailyn提出，殖民地是歐洲文化體系的半開化內地。在堅持殖民地是盎格魯美利堅帝國的一部分這一點上，他無疑是正確的。但是像Bailyn這樣，把帝國劃分為英國核心和殖民地外圍，就貶低了殖民地文化的成就。確實，如Bailyn所說，殖民地的高雅文化不能和英國本土的相比。但是如何看待17世紀的新英格蘭呢?移民者在這兒制定了有效的法律，創建了著名的大學，出版了書籍。Bailyn可能會說，新英格蘭是個特例。不過，新英格蘭清教徒的思想和組織機構對北美文化有著深遠的影響。

　　盡管Bailyn不斷關注著數萬名剛好在革命前夕遷移過來的簽約仆人，但他沒能把這些人的經歷與美國的政治發展結合起來。他的書中有證據表明，我們本來可以建立這樣一種聯系。在出賣給美洲雇主的時間里，這些簽約仆人被看作是奴隸。毫不奇怪，一旦他們服役期滿，就會放棄城市里的高薪而走向西部，通過獲得土地來保障個人獨立。因此，一種特殊的美國政治文化開始于西部，那些懷疑權威和強烈反對貴族統治的移民者之中。

　　SAMPLE 6

　　[歷史學類]

　　題目序號

　　題型歸類

　　第1題

　　審題定位題型

　　第2題

　　細節理解題型

　　第3題

　　歸納推導題型

　　第4題

　　細節理解題型

　　第5題

　　審題定位題型

　　Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of theUnited States by applying new social research findings on the experiences ofEuropean migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizingprinciple for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. Hisapproach rests on four separate propositions.

　　The first of these asserts that residents of early modern Englandmoved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simplya natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction forthe English they would rather have stayed home by the eighteenthcentury people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as theland of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to the notion thatused to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical NewWorld community. For example, the economic and demographic character of earlyNew England towns varied considerably.

　　Bailyns third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing amongthe many thousands of migrants: one group came as indentured servants, anothercame to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those who recruitedindentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. Thesecolonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who cameto preindustrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers wererecruited; by the 1730s, however, American employers demanded skilled artisans.

　　Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilizedhinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insistthat the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide theempire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues theachievements of colonial culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that highculture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what ofseventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university, and published books? Bailyn might respondthat New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developedby New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.

　　Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands ofindentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to linktheir experience with the political development of the United States. Evidencepresented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. Theseindentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they hadsold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon asthey served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed westto ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in thewest that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists whowere suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.

　　1. Which of the following statements about migrants to colonialNorth America is supported by information in the text?

　　[A] A larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America cameas indentured servants than as free agents interested in acquiring land.

　　[B] Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants weremore successful at making a livelihood than were farmers and artisans.

　　[C] Migrants to colonial North America were more successful atacquiring their own land during the eighteenth century than during the seventeenthcentury.

　　[D] By the 1730s, migrants already skilled in a trade were in more demand byAmerican employers than were unskilled laborers.

　　2. The author of the text states that Bailyn failed to

　　[A] give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and politicalinterdependence of the colonies and England.

　　[B] describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgroundspreserved their culture in the United States.

　　[C] take advantage of social research on the experiences ofcolonists who migrated to colonial North America specifically to acquire land.

　　[D] relate the experience of the migrants to the political valuesthat eventually shaped the character of the United States.

　　3. Which of the following best summarizes the authors evaluationof Bailyns fourth proposition?

　　[A] It is totally implausible.

　　[B] It is partially acceptable.

　　[C] It is highly admirable.

　　[D] It is controversial though persuasive.

　　4. According to the text, Bailyn and the author agree on which ofthe following statements about the culture of colonial New England?

　　[A] High culture in New England never equaled the high culture ofEngland.

　　[B] The cultural achievements of colonial New England have generallybeen unrecognized by historians.

　　[C] The colonists imitated the high culture of England, and did notdevelop a culture that was uniquely their own.

　　[D] The southern colonies were greatly influenced by the highculture of New England.

　　5. The author of the text would be most likely to agree with whichof the following statements about Bailyns work?

　　[A] Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on NorthAmerican culture.

　　[B] Bailyn overemphasizes the economic dependence of the colonies onGreat Britain.

　　[C] Bailyns description of the colonies as part of an Anglo-American empire ismisleading and incorrect.

　　[D] Bailyn failed to test his propositions on a specific group ofmigrants to colonial North America.

　　[答案與考點解析]

　　1. 【答案】D

　　【考點解析】這是一道審題定位題。題干中的migrants一詞暗示本題的答案信息在第一段或第三段，因為這兩段的首句都含有migrants一詞。又根據題干中的supported一詞，我們可以推斷出本題的答案信息來源應該在原文的第三段，因為作者應該在第三段提出相應證據來支持自己的觀點。通過仔細閱讀和理解第三段，尤其是第三段的尾句，我們可以推導出本題的正確選項應該是D。考生在解題時一定要有審題定位的能力，更要具備善于理解原文中啟承轉合所傳達的含義。

　　2. 【答案】D

　　【考點解析】這是一道細節理解題。題干中的failed一詞暗示本題的答案信息應該在尾段，因為尾段中含有fails一詞。根據閱讀和理解首段尾句，我們可以推導出本題的正確選項是D。考生在解題時一定要善于理解原文中所傳達的中心含義。

　　3. 【答案】B

　　【考點解析】本題是一道歸納推導題。本題題干中的Bailyns fourth proposition將本題的答案信息來源確定在原文的第四段。通過仔細閱讀和理解本段的每一句話，尤其是第二、三句話和四、五句話，我們可以推導出本題的正確選項應該是B。考生在解題時一定要善于歸納和推導原文的內容，更要善于體會上下句之間的語意關系。

　　4. 【答案】A

　　【考點解析】這是一道細節推導題。題干中的culture一詞暗示本題的答案信息來源在第四段，因為第四段首句包含culture一詞。通過仔細閱讀和理解第四段的每一句話，尤其是第四句，我們可以推導出本題的正確選項應該是A。考生在解題時一定要注意原文中重點詞語所表達的含義，以及重點詞語在選項中的替換形式。

　　5. 【答案】A

　　【考點解析】這是一道審題定位題。題干并沒有明確指出本題答案信息在原文中的準確位置。在這種情況下，考生一定要抓住全文的中心主旨，以及每段的核心句。本題的答案信息來源在第四段的尾句，這是一個由轉折詞however引導的句子。通過仔細閱讀理解本句，我們可以推導出本題的正確選項是A。考生在解題時一定要重視原文中表達啟承轉合的詞語，因為這往往是出題的重點。

　　[參考譯文]

　　Bernard Bailyn最近通過運用關于歐洲移民經歷的新的社會研究成果重新解釋了美國的早期歷史。在他的重新解釋中，遷徙成了重寫北美前工業化歷史的重要依據。其主張可分為四個獨立的觀點。

　　第一點斷言，近代早期的英國居民經常在鄉下流動，因此后來他們遷移到新大陸僅僅是一種自然外流。雖然最初時殖民地對英國人沒有多少正面的誘惑力他們寧愿留在本土。到18世紀時，移往美洲的人數卻增加了，因為他們將那兒看作是充滿機遇的地方。第二，Bailyn認為，和以往美國歷史教材中慣用的觀念相反，從來就沒有過一個典型的新大陸社會，例如，早期新英格蘭城鎮中的經濟和人口特點就很不相同。

　　Bailyn的第三個觀點是，成千上萬的移民中最常見的是兩種普遍類型：一組是簽約的仆人，另一組是為土地而來。令人驚異的是：Bailyn認為那些征召簽約仆人的人是這種跨越大西洋移民遷徙的推動力。這些殖民地的企業主幫助那些來到前工業化北美社會的人確定其社會屬性。起初，成千上萬未受過培訓的勞動力被征召，然而到了18世紀30年代，美洲雇主開始需求技術熟練的技工。

　　第四，Bailyn提出，殖民地是歐洲文化體系的半開化內地。在堅持殖民地是盎格魯美利堅帝國的一部分這一點上，他無疑是正確的。但是像Bailyn這樣，把帝國劃分為英國核心和殖民地外圍，就貶低了殖民地文化的成就。確實，如Bailyn所說，殖民地的高雅文化不能和英國本土的相比。但是如何看待17世紀的新英格蘭呢?移民者在這兒制定了有效的法律，創建了著名的大學，出版了書籍。Bailyn可能會說，新英格蘭是個特例。不過，新英格蘭清教徒的思想和組織機構對北美文化有著深遠的影響。

　　盡管Bailyn不斷關注著數萬名剛好在革命前夕遷移過來的簽約仆人，但他沒能把這些人的經歷與美國的政治發展結合起來。他的書中有證據表明，我們本來可以建立這樣一種聯系。在出賣給美洲雇主的時間里，這些簽約仆人被看作是奴隸。毫不奇怪，一旦他們服役期滿，就會放棄城市里的高薪而走向西部，通過獲得土地來保障個人獨立。因此，一種特殊的美國政治文化開始于西部，那些懷疑權威和強烈反對貴族統治的移民者之中。