SAMPLE 7

　　[文學類]

　　題目序號

　　題型歸類

　　第1題

　　中心主旨題型

　　第2題

　　細節(jié)推導題型

　　第3題

　　句間關系題型

　　第4題

　　句間關系題型

　　第5題

　　詞匯題型

　　I want to criticize the social system, and to show it at work, atits most intense. Virginia Woolfs provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs.Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights anaspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture ofthe poetic novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision andwith following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. But VirginiaWoolf was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist, a satirist and socialcritic as well as a visionary: literary critics cavalier dismissalof Woolfs social vision will not withstand scrutiny.

　　In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged by the questions of howindividuals are shaped by their social environments, howhistorical forces impinge on peoples lives, how class,wealth, and gender help to determine peoples fates. Most of hernovels are rooted in a realistically rendered social setting and in a precisehistorical time.

　　Woolfs focus on society has not been generally recognized because of herintense antipathy to propaganda in art. The pictures of reformers in her novelsare usually satiric or sharply critical. Even when Woolf is fundamentallysympathetic to their causes, she portrays people anxious to reform theirsociety and possessed of a message or program as arrogant or dishonest, unawareof how their political ideas serve their own psychological needs. Woolfdetested what she called preaching in fiction, too, and criticized novelist D. H. Lawrence for working by this method.

　　Woolfs own social criticism is expressed in the language of observationrather than in direct commentary, since for her, fiction is a contemplative,not an active art. She describes phenomena and provides materials for ajudgment about society and social issues; it is the readers work toput the observations together and understand the coherent point of view behindthem. As a moralist, Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officiallyaccepted mores, mocking, suggesting, calling into question, rather thanasserting, advocating, bearing witness: hers is the satirists art.

　　Woolfs literary models were acute social observers like Chekhov andChaucer. As she put it in The Common Reader, It is safe to saythat not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because ofanything Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorbingmorality at every pore. Like Chaucer, Woolf chose to understand as well as to judge, toknow her society root and branch a decision crucial in order to produce art rather thanpolemic.

　　1. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title forthe text?

　　[A] Poetry and Satire as Influences on the Novels of Virginia Woolf.

　　[B] Virginia Woolf: Critic and Commentator on the Twentieth-CenturyNovel.

　　[C] Trends in Contemporary Reform Movements as a Key toUnderstanding Virginia Woolfs Novels.

　　[D] Virginia Woolfs Novels: Critical Reflections on the Individual and on Society.

　　2. In the first paragraph of the text, the authors attitudetoward the literary critics mentioned can best be described as

　　[A] disparaging.

　　[B] ironic.

　　[C] facetious.

　　[D] skeptical but resigned.

　　3. It can be inferred from the text that Woolf chose Chaucer as aliterary example because she believed that

　　[A] Chaucer was the first English author to focus on society as awhole as well as on individual characters.

　　[B] Chaucer was an honest and forthright author, whereas novelistslike D. H. Lawrence did not sincerely wish to change society.

　　[C] Chaucer was more concerned with understanding his society thanwith calling its accepted mores into question.

　　[D] Chaucers writing was greatly, if subtly, effective in influencing the moralattitudes of his readers.

　　4. It can be inferred from the text that the most probable reasonWoolf realistically described the social setting in the majority of her novelswas that she

　　[A] was aware that contemporary literary critics considered thenovel to be the most realistic of literary genres.

　　[B] was interested in the effect of a persons socialmilieu on his or her character and actions.

　　[C] needed to be as attentive to detail as possible in her novels inorder to support the arguments she advanced in them.

　　[D] wanted to show that a painstaking fidelity in the representationof reality did not in any way hamper the artist.

　　5. Which of the following phrases best expresses the sense of theword contemplative as it is used in line 2, paragraph 4 of the text?

　　[A] Gradually elucidating the rational structures underlyingaccepted mores.

　　[B] Reflecting on issues in society without prejudice or emotionalcommitment.

　　[C] Avoiding the aggressive assertion of the authorsperspective to the exclusion of the readers judgment.

　　[D] Conveying a broad view of society as a whole rather thanfocusing on an isolated individual consciousness.

　　[答案與考點解析]

　　1. 【答案】D

　　【考點解析】這是一道中心主旨題。本文的中心主旨句在首段的尾句，結合每段的主題句，我們可以推斷出本文是在講Virginia Woolf的小說以及其小說對個人與社會之間的關系進行的相關闡述?？梢姳绢}的正確選項應該是反映上述內容的選項D?？忌诮忸}時應注意全文的中心主旨句以及每段的主題句之間的相互關系。

　　2. 【答案】A

　　【考點解析】本題是一道細節(jié)推導題。題干中的literary critics暗示本題的答案信息來源應該在首段的尾句，通過對本句的閱讀與理解可推斷出本文作者對literary critics的態(tài)度是否定的，故選項A應該是本題的正確選項。本題的選項D因為resigned一詞而不能成為本題的正確選項，因為原文中并沒有包含這方面的意思?？忌诮忸}時一定要認真理解原文的每一個單詞。

　　3. 【答案】D

　　【考點解析】這是一道句間關系題。通過題干中的Chaucer一詞可迅速將本題的答案信息確定在尾段的首句。通過閱讀尾段的第一句和第二句，我們可以推斷出本題的正確選項應該是突出morality含義的選項D?？忌诮忸}時一定要考慮到上下句之間的聯(lián)系。

　　4. 【答案】B

　　【考點解析】這是一道句間關系題。通過題干中的realistically和social setting可將本題的答案信息來源迅速確定在第二段的尾句，通過閱讀和理解第二段中僅有的兩個句子，我們可以推斷出本題的正確選項應該是突出人的社會環(huán)境影響人的性格和行為之含義的選項B。考生在解題時一定要重視上下句之間的相互聯(lián)系。

　　5. 【答案】C

　　【考點解析】本題是一道詞匯理解題。本題的題干以將本題的答案信息來源確定在第四段的第一句。如果考生不認識contemplative這個詞，可以通過這個詞前后的語意關系以及第四段第二句所表達的內容進行推導。通過仔細閱讀第四段的第一、二句，我們可以推斷出本題的正確選項應該是C，因為該選項強調的是回避direct commentary，不做active art，讓讀者自己去思考?？忌诮忸}時應該注意原文中所表達的對立對比關系。

　　[參考譯文]

　　我要批判社會體制，揭示出它在最為緊要的關頭是如何運作的。弗吉尼亞伍爾芙在談及她寫作《達勒維夫人》的意圖時令人深思的言論，常常為批評家們所忽視，因為它著重突出了她文學興趣的一個方面，而這一方面與這位詩意小說家的一貫形象大相徑庭，她一貫所關注的是審視人們夢想與幻覺的種種狀態(tài)，并沿著個人意識的復雜路徑追尋。但弗吉尼亞伍爾芙是一位詩意小說家也是一個現(xiàn)實主義者，是一個空想家也是一個諷刺作家和社會批評家，對于伍爾芙的社會空想，文學批評家們傲慢地忽視伍爾芙的社會批判的做法是經(jīng)不起推敲的。

　　伍爾芙在其小說中全力探討如下問題：社會環(huán)境是如何塑造個人的，歷史發(fā)展的推動力是如何沖擊人們生活的，階級、財產和性別是如何在決定人生命運中發(fā)揮作用的。她的大部分小說植根于現(xiàn)實主義營造的社會背景中，并發(fā)生在某一精確的歷史時期。

　　因為伍爾芙對藝術宣傳十分厭惡，所以她對社會的關注并未得到普遍認可。在她的小說中，改革者的形象通常是具有諷刺性的或是帶有尖銳的批判色彩。即使有時伍爾芙本質上對他們的事業(yè)懷有同情心，但她還是將急于改革社會的，懷揣救世咨文或是綱領的人塑造成傲慢自大而又不夠誠實的形象，并還沒有意識到其政治主張是如何為滿足個人的心理私欲而服務的。伍爾芙還痛恨在小說中應用所謂的說教，對應用這一理論進行創(chuàng)作的小說家D. H.勞倫斯進行了批評。

　　伍爾芙將自己的社會批判以觀察的語言而不是直接的評論來表現(xiàn)，因為對她而言，小說是一門沉思凝想的藝術而非一門積極干預生活的藝術。她對社會及社會性問題所表現(xiàn)出來的現(xiàn)象加以描述，并提供材料讓人們作出評論。讀者要做的才是將這些觀察所得的資料綜合起來，并體會出隱含其中的連貫的觀點。作為一名道德家，伍爾芙間接而巧妙地對那些公認的倫理道德進行攻擊，她嘲諷、暗示、質疑，而不是下論斷，鼓吹自己的觀點，或是充當見證：她的作品是諷刺作家的藝術。

　　伍爾芙的文學楷模是像契訶夫和喬叟那樣敏銳的社會觀察家。正如她在《普通讀者》中表述的，完全可以說，還沒有因為喬叟說了什么或寫了什么而制定出一項法律或是建起一塊石碑;但當我們在閱讀他的作品時，卻會全身心地汲取其道德思想。正如喬叟一樣，伍爾芙選擇去理解判斷，去徹底了解她所置身的社會去創(chuàng)造藝術而不是爭論性文章，這才是至關重要的決定。

　　SAMPLE 7

　　[文學類]

　　題目序號

　　題型歸類

　　第1題

　　中心主旨題型

　　第2題

　　細節(jié)推導題型

　　第3題

　　句間關系題型

　　第4題

　　句間關系題型

　　第5題

　　詞匯題型

　　I want to criticize the social system, and to show it at work, atits most intense. Virginia Woolfs provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs.Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights anaspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture ofthe poetic novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision andwith following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. But VirginiaWoolf was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist, a satirist and socialcritic as well as a visionary: literary critics cavalier dismissalof Woolfs social vision will not withstand scrutiny.

　　In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged by the questions of howindividuals are shaped by their social environments, howhistorical forces impinge on peoples lives, how class,wealth, and gender help to determine peoples fates. Most of hernovels are rooted in a realistically rendered social setting and in a precisehistorical time.

　　Woolfs focus on society has not been generally recognized because of herintense antipathy to propaganda in art. The pictures of reformers in her novelsare usually satiric or sharply critical. Even when Woolf is fundamentallysympathetic to their causes, she portrays people anxious to reform theirsociety and possessed of a message or program as arrogant or dishonest, unawareof how their political ideas serve their own psychological needs. Woolfdetested what she called preaching in fiction, too, and criticized novelist D. H. Lawrence for working by this method.

　　Woolfs own social criticism is expressed in the language of observationrather than in direct commentary, since for her, fiction is a contemplative,not an active art. She describes phenomena and provides materials for ajudgment about society and social issues; it is the readers work toput the observations together and understand the coherent point of view behindthem. As a moralist, Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officiallyaccepted mores, mocking, suggesting, calling into question, rather thanasserting, advocating, bearing witness: hers is the satirists art.

　　Woolfs literary models were acute social observers like Chekhov andChaucer. As she put it in The Common Reader, It is safe to saythat not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because ofanything Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorbingmorality at every pore. Like Chaucer, Woolf chose to understand as well as to judge, toknow her society root and branch a decision crucial in order to produce art rather thanpolemic.

　　1. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title forthe text?

　　[A] Poetry and Satire as Influences on the Novels of Virginia Woolf.

　　[B] Virginia Woolf: Critic and Commentator on the Twentieth-CenturyNovel.

　　[C] Trends in Contemporary Reform Movements as a Key toUnderstanding Virginia Woolfs Novels.

　　[D] Virginia Woolfs Novels: Critical Reflections on the Individual and on Society.

　　2. In the first paragraph of the text, the authors attitudetoward the literary critics mentioned can best be described as

　　[A] disparaging.

　　[B] ironic.

　　[C] facetious.

　　[D] skeptical but resigned.

　　3. It can be inferred from the text that Woolf chose Chaucer as aliterary example because she believed that

　　[A] Chaucer was the first English author to focus on society as awhole as well as on individual characters.

　　[B] Chaucer was an honest and forthright author, whereas novelistslike D. H. Lawrence did not sincerely wish to change society.

　　[C] Chaucer was more concerned with understanding his society thanwith calling its accepted mores into question.

　　[D] Chaucers writing was greatly, if subtly, effective in influencing the moralattitudes of his readers.

　　4. It can be inferred from the text that the most probable reasonWoolf realistically described the social setting in the majority of her novelswas that she

　　[A] was aware that contemporary literary critics considered thenovel to be the most realistic of literary genres.

　　[B] was interested in the effect of a persons socialmilieu on his or her character and actions.

　　[C] needed to be as attentive to detail as possible in her novels inorder to support the arguments she advanced in them.

　　[D] wanted to show that a painstaking fidelity in the representationof reality did not in any way hamper the artist.

　　5. Which of the following phrases best expresses the sense of theword contemplative as it is used in line 2, paragraph 4 of the text?

　　[A] Gradually elucidating the rational structures underlyingaccepted mores.

　　[B] Reflecting on issues in society without prejudice or emotionalcommitment.

　　[C] Avoiding the aggressive assertion of the authorsperspective to the exclusion of the readers judgment.

　　[D] Conveying a broad view of society as a whole rather thanfocusing on an isolated individual consciousness.

　　[答案與考點解析]

　　1. 【答案】D

　　【考點解析】這是一道中心主旨題。本文的中心主旨句在首段的尾句，結合每段的主題句，我們可以推斷出本文是在講Virginia Woolf的小說以及其小說對個人與社會之間的關系進行的相關闡述?？梢姳绢}的正確選項應該是反映上述內容的選項D。考生在解題時應注意全文的中心主旨句以及每段的主題句之間的相互關系。

　　2. 【答案】A

　　【考點解析】本題是一道細節(jié)推導題。題干中的literary critics暗示本題的答案信息來源應該在首段的尾句，通過對本句的閱讀與理解可推斷出本文作者對literary critics的態(tài)度是否定的，故選項A應該是本題的正確選項。本題的選項D因為resigned一詞而不能成為本題的正確選項，因為原文中并沒有包含這方面的意思?？忌诮忸}時一定要認真理解原文的每一個單詞。

　　3. 【答案】D

　　【考點解析】這是一道句間關系題。通過題干中的Chaucer一詞可迅速將本題的答案信息確定在尾段的首句。通過閱讀尾段的第一句和第二句，我們可以推斷出本題的正確選項應該是突出morality含義的選項D。考生在解題時一定要考慮到上下句之間的聯(lián)系。

　　4. 【答案】B

　　【考點解析】這是一道句間關系題。通過題干中的realistically和social setting可將本題的答案信息來源迅速確定在第二段的尾句，通過閱讀和理解第二段中僅有的兩個句子，我們可以推斷出本題的正確選項應該是突出人的社會環(huán)境影響人的性格和行為之含義的選項B?？忌诮忸}時一定要重視上下句之間的相互聯(lián)系。

　　5. 【答案】C

　　【考點解析】本題是一道詞匯理解題。本題的題干以將本題的答案信息來源確定在第四段的第一句。如果考生不認識contemplative這個詞，可以通過這個詞前后的語意關系以及第四段第二句所表達的內容進行推導。通過仔細閱讀第四段的第一、二句，我們可以推斷出本題的正確選項應該是C，因為該選項強調的是回避direct commentary，不做active art，讓讀者自己去思考?？忌诮忸}時應該注意原文中所表達的對立對比關系。

　　[參考譯文]

　　我要批判社會體制，揭示出它在最為緊要的關頭是如何運作的。弗吉尼亞伍爾芙在談及她寫作《達勒維夫人》的意圖時令人深思的言論，常常為批評家們所忽視，因為它著重突出了她文學興趣的一個方面，而這一方面與這位詩意小說家的一貫形象大相徑庭，她一貫所關注的是審視人們夢想與幻覺的種種狀態(tài)，并沿著個人意識的復雜路徑追尋。但弗吉尼亞伍爾芙是一位詩意小說家也是一個現(xiàn)實主義者，是一個空想家也是一個諷刺作家和社會批評家，對于伍爾芙的社會空想，文學批評家們傲慢地忽視伍爾芙的社會批判的做法是經(jīng)不起推敲的。

　　伍爾芙在其小說中全力探討如下問題：社會環(huán)境是如何塑造個人的，歷史發(fā)展的推動力是如何沖擊人們生活的，階級、財產和性別是如何在決定人生命運中發(fā)揮作用的。她的大部分小說植根于現(xiàn)實主義營造的社會背景中，并發(fā)生在某一精確的歷史時期。

　　因為伍爾芙對藝術宣傳十分厭惡，所以她對社會的關注并未得到普遍認可。在她的小說中，改革者的形象通常是具有諷刺性的或是帶有尖銳的批判色彩。即使有時伍爾芙本質上對他們的事業(yè)懷有同情心，但她還是將急于改革社會的，懷揣救世咨文或是綱領的人塑造成傲慢自大而又不夠誠實的形象，并還沒有意識到其政治主張是如何為滿足個人的心理私欲而服務的。伍爾芙還痛恨在小說中應用所謂的說教，對應用這一理論進行創(chuàng)作的小說家D. H.勞倫斯進行了批評。

　　伍爾芙將自己的社會批判以觀察的語言而不是直接的評論來表現(xiàn)，因為對她而言，小說是一門沉思凝想的藝術而非一門積極干預生活的藝術。她對社會及社會性問題所表現(xiàn)出來的現(xiàn)象加以描述，并提供材料讓人們作出評論。讀者要做的才是將這些觀察所得的資料綜合起來，并體會出隱含其中的連貫的觀點。作為一名道德家，伍爾芙間接而巧妙地對那些公認的倫理道德進行攻擊，她嘲諷、暗示、質疑，而不是下論斷，鼓吹自己的觀點，或是充當見證：她的作品是諷刺作家的藝術。

　　伍爾芙的文學楷模是像契訶夫和喬叟那樣敏銳的社會觀察家。正如她在《普通讀者》中表述的，完全可以說，還沒有因為喬叟說了什么或寫了什么而制定出一項法律或是建起一塊石碑;但當我們在閱讀他的作品時，卻會全身心地汲取其道德思想。正如喬叟一樣，伍爾芙選擇去理解判斷，去徹底了解她所置身的社會去創(chuàng)造藝術而不是爭論性文章，這才是至關重要的決定。