The uses of stem cells

　　干細(xì)胞的應(yīng)用

　　Potent medicine

　　特效醫(yī)學(xué)

　　Stem cells may transform the development of newdrugs

　　干細(xì)胞可能改寫新藥發(fā)展

　　PLURIPOTENT is a long word that means able to do many things.

　　多能的意思是能做很多事。

　　It is the technical term applied to stem cells that can generate many different sorts ofbodily tissue, rather than just one sort, which is all that lesser stem cells can manage.

　　這一技術(shù)術(shù)語(yǔ)適用于可分化成多種不同身體組織的干細(xì)胞，而不是像次級(jí)分化干細(xì)胞一樣只可以分化成一種身體組織。

　　But many researchers hope these cells will be pluripotent in other ways, too.

　　但是研究者希望干細(xì)胞在其他方面也具備多能性。

　　Not only might they be used to make replacementtissues and organs for transplantation into those whose existing body parts no longer workproperly, they might also be used to produce pure cultures of cells for the early testing ofdrugs.

　　干細(xì)胞不僅可用于獲得某些身體部分運(yùn)作不良者移植用的替換組織或器官，還可以用于培養(yǎng)藥物早期試驗(yàn)用的純系細(xì)胞。

　　The culturing and use of human pluripotent stem cells is controversial because the naturalsource of such cells is embryos, which are destroyed by the process of extraction.

　　人類多功能干細(xì)胞的培養(yǎng)和使用備受爭(zhēng)議，因?yàn)檫@類細(xì)胞的自然來(lái)源胚胎，在提取過(guò)程中會(huì)被破壞。

　　But in 2007 two groups of researchers, one in Japan and the other in America, announcedthat they had worked out how to make adult skin cells behave like natural pluripotent cells,by adding four activated genes to them.

　　但是2007年，日本和美國(guó)各有研究者表示，通過(guò)增加4個(gè)激活基因，成人皮膚細(xì)胞可有與自然多功能細(xì)胞相同的表現(xiàn)。

　　The result is known as an induced pluripotent stem cell.

　　這一成果被稱為誘導(dǎo)多功能干細(xì)胞。

　　On January 3rd AstraZeneca, a British drug company, said it would buy human heart muscle,blood vessels, nerve cells and liver cells made from iPS cells by Cellular Dynamics, acompany founded by James Thomson.

　　1月3日，英國(guó)阿斯利康制藥表示將向杰姆湯姆生創(chuàng)立的細(xì)胞動(dòng)力公司購(gòu)買用誘導(dǎo)能干細(xì)胞生產(chǎn)的心肌、血管、神經(jīng)細(xì)胞和肝細(xì)胞。

　　Dr Thomson, a biologist at the University of Wisconsin, is the man who led the team that, in1998, isolated the first human embryonic stem cells and in 2007 published the Americanversion of the iPS work.

　　湯姆生博士是威斯康星大學(xué)的生物學(xué)家。他帶領(lǐng)的團(tuán)隊(duì)在1998年首次分離了人類胚胎干細(xì)胞，并在2007年發(fā)表美方的誘導(dǎo)能干工作成果。

　　AstraZeneca has two plans for its purchases.

　　阿斯利康這次的計(jì)劃有兩個(gè)：

　　One is to use them to find molecules that encourage non-pluripotent stem cells to turn intomature tissue.

　　一是利用誘導(dǎo)能干細(xì)胞尋找能刺激非能干細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化成成熟組織的分子。

　　Such molecules could act as drugs that coax damaged tissue to heal itself.

　　這類分子可作為誘導(dǎo)損傷組織自我修復(fù)的藥物;

　　The second is to use iPS cells to test drugs that have nothing to do with regenerativemedicine.

　　二是利用誘導(dǎo)能干細(xì)胞測(cè)試與再生醫(yī)學(xué)無(wú)關(guān)的藥物。

　　Too often, a promising-looking drug fails late on in a clinical trial.

　　一個(gè)前景光明的藥物常常在之后的臨床試驗(yàn)中失敗。

　　Sometimes this is because it does not deliver the promised benefit.

　　有時(shí)是由于該藥未起到預(yù)期作用;

　　Sometimes, however, it works but its side effects prove more dangerous than the disease it issupposed to treat.

　　而有時(shí)藥物起作用了，但副作用比其治療的疾病更危險(xiǎn)。

　　The cost of failed trials is an important reason why drug research is so expensive.

　　試驗(yàn)花費(fèi)是藥物研究成本高昂的一個(gè)重要原因。

　　AstraZeneca therefore plans to use Cellular Dynamics s cells to check the toxicity ofpotential medicines before they get inside a human being, in order to reduce the number oftrials that fail for the second reason.

　　所以阿斯利康計(jì)劃在人體試驗(yàn)前，利用細(xì)胞動(dòng)力公司的細(xì)胞來(lái)測(cè)試新藥的毒性，以便減少由第二個(gè)原因?qū)е碌脑囼?yàn)失敗。

　　And AstraZeneca is not the only company using iPS cells in new ways.

　　阿斯利康并不是唯一一家在新領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用誘導(dǎo)能干細(xì)胞的公司。

　　In December GlaxoSmithKline,another British firm, described an experiment in which itassaulted neurons derived from iPS cells with beta-amyloid, a molecule linked to Alzheimer sdisease, and then tested whether the beta-amyloid responded to hundreds of existing drugs.

　　另一家英國(guó)公司葛蘭素史克11月公布了一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)：該實(shí)驗(yàn)利用帶-淀粉的誘導(dǎo)能干細(xì)胞分化的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞來(lái)測(cè)試-淀粉對(duì)成千上百種現(xiàn)有藥物的反應(yīng)。

　　The findings of this experiment will be published in Stem Cell Research in March.

　　實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果將發(fā)表在3月份的《干細(xì)胞研究》上。

　　Another trick made possible by iPS cells is to derive them from patients with specificailmentsparticularly ailments with a genetic componentand then nudge the inducedcells into becoming the type of cell afflicted by that ailment.

　　誘導(dǎo)能干細(xì)胞還可實(shí)現(xiàn)另一種可能，即從患有特定疾病尤其是與基因有關(guān)的疾病的患者身上獲得誘導(dǎo)能干細(xì)胞，然后使其轉(zhuǎn)變成受該疾病影響的特定細(xì)胞。

　　Several groups of researchers have used disease-prone cells created in this way to explorehow the disease in question develops, and whether it succumbs to drugs.

　　有幾個(gè)研究小組已利用這種疾病傾向細(xì)胞來(lái)探索疾病的發(fā)展及藥物的有效性。

　　George Daley, of Harvard University, is one of the most enthusiastic explorers of thesedisease in a dish models.

　　哈弗大學(xué)的喬治?戴利是最熱衷于這些皿中疾病的研究者之一。

　　In 2008 he created stem-cell lines from people with ten different conditions, includingDown s syndrome, juvenile diabetes and Parkinson s disease.

　　2008年他從十種不同疾病包括唐氏綜合征、青少年型糖尿病及帕金森病的患者身上獲得干細(xì)胞株。

　　Such models are hardly foolproofDr Daley himself acknowledges that the technology is stillin its infancybut eventually they may bring new drugs.

　　這些模型難免存在差錯(cuò)戴利博士也承這一技術(shù)還處于起步階段，但最終它們可能帶來(lái)新藥。

　　iPierian, a company that Dr Daley helped found, has used iPS cells to develop two antibodiesthat might be used to attack tau, a protein implicated in Alzheimer s disease, and also toclear up inflammation linked with Alzheimer s and other neurodegenerative conditions.

　　戴利參與創(chuàng)立的iPierian公司利用誘導(dǎo)能干細(xì)胞研制了兩種抗體。這兩種抗體或可用于攻擊與阿爾茲海默病有關(guān)tau蛋白，同事可能用于消除與阿爾茲海默病和其他神經(jīng)退化性疾病有關(guān)的炎癥。

　　That is a use far removed from the original idea of employing stem cells in regenerativemedicine.

　　這與將干細(xì)胞應(yīng)用于再生醫(yī)學(xué)的原始想法相去甚遠(yuǎn)。

　　The plurality of their potency, then, is only just beginning to be explored.

　　干細(xì)胞多能性應(yīng)用多樣化的探索才剛剛起步。

　　詞語(yǔ)解釋

　　1.apply to 適用于;運(yùn)用;致力于

　　The same logic could well apply to the iphone.

　　同樣的邏輯或許也完全適用于iphone。

　　These passwords apply to the entire workbook.

　　這些密碼可應(yīng)用于整個(gè)工作簿。

　　2.no longer 不再，已不

　　That model no longer works.

　　這種模式現(xiàn)在不再有效。

　　But it no longer does.

　　但美國(guó)已經(jīng)不再需要。

　　3.work out 解決;作出;鍛煉

　　Britain, too, must work out what it wants from the eu.

　　英國(guó)也必須解決一個(gè)問(wèn)題，即本國(guó)想從歐盟得到什么。

　　New cars often suffer quality glitches that auto makers try to work out over time.

　　新款汽車常常存在質(zhì)量上的毛病，需要生產(chǎn)商花時(shí)間來(lái)解決。

　　4.stem cell 干細(xì)胞

　　Her right-to-life convictions extend to stem cell research, which she opposes.

　　她還反對(duì)干細(xì)胞研究，以表現(xiàn)她那泛濫的生存權(quán)信念。

　　Long-term follow-up after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

　　異基因造血干細(xì)胞移植后的長(zhǎng)期隨訪。

　　The uses of stem cells

　　干細(xì)胞的應(yīng)用

　　Potent medicine

　　特效醫(yī)學(xué)

　　Stem cells may transform the development of newdrugs

　　干細(xì)胞可能改寫新藥發(fā)展

　　PLURIPOTENT is a long word that means able to do many things.

　　多能的意思是能做很多事。

　　It is the technical term applied to stem cells that can generate many different sorts ofbodily tissue, rather than just one sort, which is all that lesser stem cells can manage.

　　這一技術(shù)術(shù)語(yǔ)適用于可分化成多種不同身體組織的干細(xì)胞，而不是像次級(jí)分化干細(xì)胞一樣只可以分化成一種身體組織。

　　But many researchers hope these cells will be pluripotent in other ways, too.

　　但是研究者希望干細(xì)胞在其他方面也具備多能性。

　　Not only might they be used to make replacementtissues and organs for transplantation into those whose existing body parts no longer workproperly, they might also be used to produce pure cultures of cells for the early testing ofdrugs.

　　干細(xì)胞不僅可用于獲得某些身體部分運(yùn)作不良者移植用的替換組織或器官，還可以用于培養(yǎng)藥物早期試驗(yàn)用的純系細(xì)胞。

　　The culturing and use of human pluripotent stem cells is controversial because the naturalsource of such cells is embryos, which are destroyed by the process of extraction.

　　人類多功能干細(xì)胞的培養(yǎng)和使用備受爭(zhēng)議，因?yàn)檫@類細(xì)胞的自然來(lái)源胚胎，在提取過(guò)程中會(huì)被破壞。

　　But in 2007 two groups of researchers, one in Japan and the other in America, announcedthat they had worked out how to make adult skin cells behave like natural pluripotent cells,by adding four activated genes to them.

　　但是2007年，日本和美國(guó)各有研究者表示，通過(guò)增加4個(gè)激活基因，成人皮膚細(xì)胞可有與自然多功能細(xì)胞相同的表現(xiàn)。

　　The result is known as an induced pluripotent stem cell.

　　這一成果被稱為誘導(dǎo)多功能干細(xì)胞。

　　On January 3rd AstraZeneca, a British drug company, said it would buy human heart muscle,blood vessels, nerve cells and liver cells made from iPS cells by Cellular Dynamics, acompany founded by James Thomson.

　　1月3日，英國(guó)阿斯利康制藥表示將向杰姆湯姆生創(chuàng)立的細(xì)胞動(dòng)力公司購(gòu)買用誘導(dǎo)能干細(xì)胞生產(chǎn)的心肌、血管、神經(jīng)細(xì)胞和肝細(xì)胞。

　　Dr Thomson, a biologist at the University of Wisconsin, is the man who led the team that, in1998, isolated the first human embryonic stem cells and in 2007 published the Americanversion of the iPS work.

　　湯姆生博士是威斯康星大學(xué)的生物學(xué)家。他帶領(lǐng)的團(tuán)隊(duì)在1998年首次分離了人類胚胎干細(xì)胞，并在2007年發(fā)表美方的誘導(dǎo)能干工作成果。

　　AstraZeneca has two plans for its purchases.

　　阿斯利康這次的計(jì)劃有兩個(gè)：

　　One is to use them to find molecules that encourage non-pluripotent stem cells to turn intomature tissue.

　　一是利用誘導(dǎo)能干細(xì)胞尋找能刺激非能干細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化成成熟組織的分子。

　　Such molecules could act as drugs that coax damaged tissue to heal itself.

　　這類分子可作為誘導(dǎo)損傷組織自我修復(fù)的藥物;

　　The second is to use iPS cells to test drugs that have nothing to do with regenerativemedicine.

　　二是利用誘導(dǎo)能干細(xì)胞測(cè)試與再生醫(yī)學(xué)無(wú)關(guān)的藥物。

　　Too often, a promising-looking drug fails late on in a clinical trial.

　　一個(gè)前景光明的藥物常常在之后的臨床試驗(yàn)中失敗。

　　Sometimes this is because it does not deliver the promised benefit.

　　有時(shí)是由于該藥未起到預(yù)期作用;

　　Sometimes, however, it works but its side effects prove more dangerous than the disease it issupposed to treat.

　　而有時(shí)藥物起作用了，但副作用比其治療的疾病更危險(xiǎn)。

　　The cost of failed trials is an important reason why drug research is so expensive.

　　試驗(yàn)花費(fèi)是藥物研究成本高昂的一個(gè)重要原因。

　　AstraZeneca therefore plans to use Cellular Dynamics s cells to check the toxicity ofpotential medicines before they get inside a human being, in order to reduce the number oftrials that fail for the second reason.

　　所以阿斯利康計(jì)劃在人體試驗(yàn)前，利用細(xì)胞動(dòng)力公司的細(xì)胞來(lái)測(cè)試新藥的毒性，以便減少由第二個(gè)原因?qū)е碌脑囼?yàn)失敗。

　　And AstraZeneca is not the only company using iPS cells in new ways.

　　阿斯利康并不是唯一一家在新領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用誘導(dǎo)能干細(xì)胞的公司。

　　In December GlaxoSmithKline,another British firm, described an experiment in which itassaulted neurons derived from iPS cells with beta-amyloid, a molecule linked to Alzheimer sdisease, and then tested whether the beta-amyloid responded to hundreds of existing drugs.

　　另一家英國(guó)公司葛蘭素史克11月公布了一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)：該實(shí)驗(yàn)利用帶-淀粉的誘導(dǎo)能干細(xì)胞分化的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞來(lái)測(cè)試-淀粉對(duì)成千上百種現(xiàn)有藥物的反應(yīng)。

　　The findings of this experiment will be published in Stem Cell Research in March.

　　實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果將發(fā)表在3月份的《干細(xì)胞研究》上。

　　Another trick made possible by iPS cells is to derive them from patients with specificailmentsparticularly ailments with a genetic componentand then nudge the inducedcells into becoming the type of cell afflicted by that ailment.

　　誘導(dǎo)能干細(xì)胞還可實(shí)現(xiàn)另一種可能，即從患有特定疾病尤其是與基因有關(guān)的疾病的患者身上獲得誘導(dǎo)能干細(xì)胞，然后使其轉(zhuǎn)變成受該疾病影響的特定細(xì)胞。

　　Several groups of researchers have used disease-prone cells created in this way to explorehow the disease in question develops, and whether it succumbs to drugs.

　　有幾個(gè)研究小組已利用這種疾病傾向細(xì)胞來(lái)探索疾病的發(fā)展及藥物的有效性。

　　George Daley, of Harvard University, is one of the most enthusiastic explorers of thesedisease in a dish models.

　　哈弗大學(xué)的喬治?戴利是最熱衷于這些皿中疾病的研究者之一。

　　In 2008 he created stem-cell lines from people with ten different conditions, includingDown s syndrome, juvenile diabetes and Parkinson s disease.

　　2008年他從十種不同疾病包括唐氏綜合征、青少年型糖尿病及帕金森病的患者身上獲得干細(xì)胞株。

　　Such models are hardly foolproofDr Daley himself acknowledges that the technology is stillin its infancybut eventually they may bring new drugs.

　　這些模型難免存在差錯(cuò)戴利博士也承這一技術(shù)還處于起步階段，但最終它們可能帶來(lái)新藥。

　　iPierian, a company that Dr Daley helped found, has used iPS cells to develop two antibodiesthat might be used to attack tau, a protein implicated in Alzheimer s disease, and also toclear up inflammation linked with Alzheimer s and other neurodegenerative conditions.

　　戴利參與創(chuàng)立的iPierian公司利用誘導(dǎo)能干細(xì)胞研制了兩種抗體。這兩種抗體或可用于攻擊與阿爾茲海默病有關(guān)tau蛋白，同事可能用于消除與阿爾茲海默病和其他神經(jīng)退化性疾病有關(guān)的炎癥。

　　That is a use far removed from the original idea of employing stem cells in regenerativemedicine.

　　這與將干細(xì)胞應(yīng)用于再生醫(yī)學(xué)的原始想法相去甚遠(yuǎn)。

　　The plurality of their potency, then, is only just beginning to be explored.

　　干細(xì)胞多能性應(yīng)用多樣化的探索才剛剛起步。

　　詞語(yǔ)解釋

　　1.apply to 適用于;運(yùn)用;致力于

　　The same logic could well apply to the iphone.

　　同樣的邏輯或許也完全適用于iphone。

　　These passwords apply to the entire workbook.

　　這些密碼可應(yīng)用于整個(gè)工作簿。

　　2.no longer 不再，已不

　　That model no longer works.

　　這種模式現(xiàn)在不再有效。

　　But it no longer does.

　　但美國(guó)已經(jīng)不再需要。

　　3.work out 解決;作出;鍛煉

　　Britain, too, must work out what it wants from the eu.

　　英國(guó)也必須解決一個(gè)問(wèn)題，即本國(guó)想從歐盟得到什么。

　　New cars often suffer quality glitches that auto makers try to work out over time.

　　新款汽車常常存在質(zhì)量上的毛病，需要生產(chǎn)商花時(shí)間來(lái)解決。

　　4.stem cell 干細(xì)胞

　　Her right-to-life convictions extend to stem cell research, which she opposes.

　　她還反對(duì)干細(xì)胞研究，以表現(xiàn)她那泛濫的生存權(quán)信念。

　　Long-term follow-up after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

　　異基因造血干細(xì)胞移植后的長(zhǎng)期隨訪。