2023復(fù)習(xí)正是強(qiáng)化復(fù)習(xí)階段，在考研英語(yǔ)中占了40分，所以考研英語(yǔ)閱讀是英語(yǔ)科目中重要的一項(xiàng)。名師老師曾建議過(guò)考研生需要堅(jiān)持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強(qiáng)烈推薦了雜志《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語(yǔ)的主要材料來(lái)源.希望考研考生認(rèn)真閱讀，快速提高考研英語(yǔ)閱讀水平。 　　The genetics of politics 　　政治遺傳學(xué) 　　Body politic 　　人體政治 　　Slowly, and in some quarters grudgingly, theinfluence of genes in shaping political outlook andbehaviour is being recognized 　　在某些方面，塑造政治前景和行為的基因影響正在慢慢地被人們所接受，雖然還是不情愿。 　　IN 1882 W.S. Gilbert wrote, to a tune by Sir Arthur Sullivan, a ditty that went I often thinkit s comical how Nature always does contrive/that every boy and every gal that s born intothe world alive/is either a little Liberal or else a little Conservative. 　　在1882年，W.S吉爾伯特寫(xiě)的一首小詩(shī)-是為阿瑟-沙利文爵士的一首曲子而作，我一直認(rèn)為，大自然的精工雕作是那么可笑/每個(gè)出生到這個(gè)世界上，并存活下來(lái)的男孩和女孩們/不是有一點(diǎn)自由傾向，就是有一點(diǎn)保守。 　　In the 19th century, that view, though humorously intended, would not have been out ofplace among respectable thinkers. 　　在十九世紀(jì)，這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)雖然有一點(diǎn)幽默的意味，但是在那些備受尊敬的思想家眼中，也并不是一無(wú)是處。 　　The detail of a man s opinion might be changed by circumstances. 　　一個(gè)人意見(jiàn)的詳細(xì)觀點(diǎn)可能會(huì)由于環(huán)境而改變。 　　But the idea that much of his characterwas ingrained at birth held no terrors. 　　但是，這種與生俱來(lái)的，由他的性格決定的觀念也沒(méi)什么恐怖的。 　　It is not, however, a view that cut much ice in 20th-century social-scientific thinking,particularly after the second world war. 　　然而，它在二十世紀(jì)的社會(huì)科學(xué)思想中沒(méi)有占到一席之地，特別是二戰(zhàn)之后。 　　Those who allowed that it might have some value were generally shouted down andsometimes abused, along with all others vehemently suspected of the heresy of believingthat genetic differences between individuals could have a role in shaping their behaviouraldifferences. 　　那些認(rèn)為它有一些價(jià)值的人們發(fā)出的吶喊，通常會(huì)被持不同觀點(diǎn)人們的聲音所掩蓋，有時(shí)還會(huì)遭到辱罵，和那些對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)的異端邪說(shuō)----即個(gè)體之間的遺傳差異在塑造他們各自不同的行為上起了一定的作用----有些猜測(cè)的人們一樣受到不公平對(duì)待。 　　Such thinking, a product compounded of Marxism and a principled rejection of the eugenicsthat had led, via America s sterilisation programmes for the feeble minded, to the Naziextermination camps, made life hard for those who wished to ask whether genes really doaffect behaviour. 　　這樣的想法，與馬克思主義融合后的產(chǎn)物，加上美國(guó)借口弱智而產(chǎn)生的絕育計(jì)劃，這種優(yōu)生學(xué)的原則性排斥反應(yīng)直接導(dǎo)致了納粹集中營(yíng)的大屠殺，讓那些想知道基因是不是對(duì)行為真的有影響的人們更加難以生存了。 　　Now, however, the pendulum is swinging back. 　　然而，現(xiàn)在，這個(gè)一直在變化的問(wèn)題又?jǐn)[到了人們面前。 　　In the matter of both political outlook and political participation it is coming to be seen thatgenes matter quite a lot. 　　就政治觀點(diǎn)和政治參與而言，即將可以看出，基因確實(shí)起到了很大的作用。 　　They are not the be-all and end-all. 　　他們并不是最重要的。 　　But, as a review of the field published in September in Trends in Genetics, by Peter Hatemi ofPennsylvania State University and Rose McDermott of Brown University, shows, they affect aperson s views of the world almost as much as his circumstances do, and far more than manysocial scientists have been willing, until recently, to admit. 　　但是，由美國(guó)賓夕法尼亞州立大學(xué)的彼德-哈特米和布朗大學(xué)的羅斯麥克德莫特合著的遺傳學(xué)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)于今年九月出版，書(shū)中所持的遺傳學(xué)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，基因?qū)θ藗兪澜缬^的影響幾乎等同于環(huán)境的影響，而且，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了許多社會(huì)科學(xué)家愿意承認(rèn)的影響，直到最近他們才愿意接受這個(gè)結(jié)果。 　　Family values 　　家庭價(jià)值 　　The evidence for this claim comes from two types of source, one relatively old and onespanking new. 　　這種說(shuō)法的證據(jù)有兩種來(lái)源，一種比較古老，一種非常新穎。 　　The old is studies of twins, comparing identical and non-identical pairs. 　　古老的來(lái)自于對(duì)雙胞胎的研究，以同卵雙胞胎與異卵雙胞胎進(jìn)行對(duì)比研究。 　　The new is a direct examination of people s DNA, searching for genes whose variationcorrelates with observable behavioural differences. 　　新穎的是對(duì)人類的DNA直接進(jìn)行檢查研究，探求基因變異與觀察到的行為變異的關(guān)系。 　　Twins studies, which seek to control for the effects of upbringing by comparing identicaltwins with fraternal ones, have been going on since the 1950s. 　　雙胞胎研究從二十世紀(jì)五十年代就開(kāi)始了，主要是通過(guò)對(duì)同卵雙胞胎和異卵雙胞胎進(jìn)行比較，尋求控制成長(zhǎng)的影響基因。 　　In that time, quite a number, in many countries, have looked in part at political questions. 　　那時(shí)候，很多國(guó)家的大多數(shù)人，他們的注意力主要集中在政治問(wèn)題上。 　　Dr Hatemi and Dr McDermott pored over 89 peer-reviewed papers on the effects of genesand environment on political matters. 　　哈特米博士和麥克德莫特博士認(rèn)真鉆研了，89名同行對(duì)于基因和環(huán)境對(duì)政治問(wèn)題影響的評(píng)論文章。 　　These included twins political knowledge, their attitudes to racial, sexual and religiousquestions, their views on defence and foreign policy, and their identification with particularpolitical parties. 　　這些評(píng)論報(bào)道包括了雙生子的政治知識(shí)，他們?cè)诜N族，性別和宗教問(wèn)題上的態(tài)度，他們對(duì)國(guó)防和外交政策的看法，還有他們對(duì)特別黨派的認(rèn)同感。 　　On all counts, identical twins were found to be more alike than fraternal twins. 　　通過(guò)這些項(xiàng)目的研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)同卵雙胞胎比異卵雙胞胎更相像。 　　That knowledge, refracted through the prism of statistical theory, allows calculations of theproportionate influences of genes, family environment and general environment onparticular traits to be made. 　　通過(guò)統(tǒng)計(jì)理論分析得到的結(jié)果，可以推算出基因、家庭環(huán)境和外部環(huán)境對(duì)特別性狀的相應(yīng)比例的影響。 　　Some show strong genetic influence. 　　其中，一些結(jié)果表明受到了很強(qiáng)的基因影響， 　　Some show little. 　　而有一些幾乎不受基因影響。 　　Intriguingly, political knowledge and party identification are at opposite ends of thespectrum. 　　有趣的是，政治知識(shí)和黨派認(rèn)同分別處于研究結(jié)果的兩端。 　　As the chart shows knowledge is highly genetically determined. Identification with aparticular political party, by contrast, is largely a question of family upbringingmuchmore so than are opinions about the sorts of policy that it might be thought would determinevoting patterns. 　　就像上表揭示的，政治知識(shí)受到基因的影響最大。相反，對(duì)特別政治黨派的認(rèn)同主要是家庭教育的問(wèn)題，而對(duì)于各種政策的意見(jiàn)，家庭教育對(duì)這個(gè)的影響遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不如對(duì)前者的影響。 　　But even family ties weaken when people leave homeand they do so in a way that helpsdisentangle genetic influence. 　　但是當(dāng)人們離開(kāi)家，家庭聯(lián)系甚至日益減弱時(shí)，這樣在某種程度上就把研究的方向聚集到了基因的影響上。 　　Dr Hatemi showed this in 2009 when, along with a group of colleagues, he looked at twinsaged between 11 and 75. 　　哈特米博士在2009年-當(dāng)時(shí)他與他的同仁們一起工作，對(duì)11歲到75歲的雙生子進(jìn)行了研究-公布了這個(gè)研究結(jié)果。 　　His results demonstrated that until their late teens both kinds of twins had equally similarpolitical views. 　　他的研究結(jié)果說(shuō)明了，直到這些雙生子十幾歲時(shí)，他們的政治看法都很相似。 　　Soon after they flew the nest, though, as might be expected, their views began to diverge. 　　但是，可能就像預(yù)測(cè)的一樣，在他們離巢后不久，這些雙生子之間的看法就開(kāi)始有分歧。 　　And, just as would be expected if genes have political influence, the views of fraternal twinsdiverged more than did those of identical ones. 　　而且，就像預(yù)計(jì)的，如果基因有政治影響力的話，那么異卵雙胞胎的意見(jiàn)分歧將會(huì)比那些同卵雙胞胎更加嚴(yán)重。 　　Between the ages of 18 and 20 identical and fraternal twins both shared nearly 70% of theirpolitical ideology. 　　18到20歲的同卵和異卵雙胞胎的政治思想近70%都相同。

　　2023復(fù)習(xí)正是強(qiáng)化復(fù)習(xí)階段，在考研英語(yǔ)中占了40分，所以考研英語(yǔ)閱讀是英語(yǔ)科目中重要的一項(xiàng)。名師老師曾建議過(guò)考研生需要堅(jiān)持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強(qiáng)烈推薦了雜志《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語(yǔ)的主要材料來(lái)源.希望考研考生認(rèn)真閱讀，快速提高考研英語(yǔ)閱讀水平。 　　The genetics of politics 　　政治遺傳學(xué) 　　Body politic 　　人體政治 　　Slowly, and in some quarters grudgingly, theinfluence of genes in shaping political outlook andbehaviour is being recognized 　　在某些方面，塑造政治前景和行為的基因影響正在慢慢地被人們所接受，雖然還是不情愿。 　　IN 1882 W.S. Gilbert wrote, to a tune by Sir Arthur Sullivan, a ditty that went I often thinkit s comical how Nature always does contrive/that every boy and every gal that s born intothe world alive/is either a little Liberal or else a little Conservative. 　　在1882年，W.S吉爾伯特寫(xiě)的一首小詩(shī)-是為阿瑟-沙利文爵士的一首曲子而作，我一直認(rèn)為，大自然的精工雕作是那么可笑/每個(gè)出生到這個(gè)世界上，并存活下來(lái)的男孩和女孩們/不是有一點(diǎn)自由傾向，就是有一點(diǎn)保守。 　　In the 19th century, that view, though humorously intended, would not have been out ofplace among respectable thinkers. 　　在十九世紀(jì)，這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)雖然有一點(diǎn)幽默的意味，但是在那些備受尊敬的思想家眼中，也并不是一無(wú)是處。 　　The detail of a man s opinion might be changed by circumstances. 　　一個(gè)人意見(jiàn)的詳細(xì)觀點(diǎn)可能會(huì)由于環(huán)境而改變。 　　But the idea that much of his characterwas ingrained at birth held no terrors. 　　但是，這種與生俱來(lái)的，由他的性格決定的觀念也沒(méi)什么恐怖的。 　　It is not, however, a view that cut much ice in 20th-century social-scientific thinking,particularly after the second world war. 　　然而，它在二十世紀(jì)的社會(huì)科學(xué)思想中沒(méi)有占到一席之地，特別是二戰(zhàn)之后。 　　Those who allowed that it might have some value were generally shouted down andsometimes abused, along with all others vehemently suspected of the heresy of believingthat genetic differences between individuals could have a role in shaping their behaviouraldifferences. 　　那些認(rèn)為它有一些價(jià)值的人們發(fā)出的吶喊，通常會(huì)被持不同觀點(diǎn)人們的聲音所掩蓋，有時(shí)還會(huì)遭到辱罵，和那些對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)的異端邪說(shuō)----即個(gè)體之間的遺傳差異在塑造他們各自不同的行為上起了一定的作用----有些猜測(cè)的人們一樣受到不公平對(duì)待。 　　Such thinking, a product compounded of Marxism and a principled rejection of the eugenicsthat had led, via America s sterilisation programmes for the feeble minded, to the Naziextermination camps, made life hard for those who wished to ask whether genes really doaffect behaviour. 　　這樣的想法，與馬克思主義融合后的產(chǎn)物，加上美國(guó)借口弱智而產(chǎn)生的絕育計(jì)劃，這種優(yōu)生學(xué)的原則性排斥反應(yīng)直接導(dǎo)致了納粹集中營(yíng)的大屠殺，讓那些想知道基因是不是對(duì)行為真的有影響的人們更加難以生存了。 　　Now, however, the pendulum is swinging back. 　　然而，現(xiàn)在，這個(gè)一直在變化的問(wèn)題又?jǐn)[到了人們面前。 　　In the matter of both political outlook and political participation it is coming to be seen thatgenes matter quite a lot. 　　就政治觀點(diǎn)和政治參與而言，即將可以看出，基因確實(shí)起到了很大的作用。 　　They are not the be-all and end-all. 　　他們并不是最重要的。 　　But, as a review of the field published in September in Trends in Genetics, by Peter Hatemi ofPennsylvania State University and Rose McDermott of Brown University, shows, they affect aperson s views of the world almost as much as his circumstances do, and far more than manysocial scientists have been willing, until recently, to admit. 　　但是，由美國(guó)賓夕法尼亞州立大學(xué)的彼德-哈特米和布朗大學(xué)的羅斯麥克德莫特合著的遺傳學(xué)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)于今年九月出版，書(shū)中所持的遺傳學(xué)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，基因?qū)θ藗兪澜缬^的影響幾乎等同于環(huán)境的影響，而且，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了許多社會(huì)科學(xué)家愿意承認(rèn)的影響，直到最近他們才愿意接受這個(gè)結(jié)果。 　　Family values 　　家庭價(jià)值 　　The evidence for this claim comes from two types of source, one relatively old and onespanking new. 　　這種說(shuō)法的證據(jù)有兩種來(lái)源，一種比較古老，一種非常新穎。 　　The old is studies of twins, comparing identical and non-identical pairs. 　　古老的來(lái)自于對(duì)雙胞胎的研究，以同卵雙胞胎與異卵雙胞胎進(jìn)行對(duì)比研究。 　　The new is a direct examination of people s DNA, searching for genes whose variationcorrelates with observable behavioural differences. 　　新穎的是對(duì)人類的DNA直接進(jìn)行檢查研究，探求基因變異與觀察到的行為變異的關(guān)系。 　　Twins studies, which seek to control for the effects of upbringing by comparing identicaltwins with fraternal ones, have been going on since the 1950s. 　　雙胞胎研究從二十世紀(jì)五十年代就開(kāi)始了，主要是通過(guò)對(duì)同卵雙胞胎和異卵雙胞胎進(jìn)行比較，尋求控制成長(zhǎng)的影響基因。 　　In that time, quite a number, in many countries, have looked in part at political questions. 　　那時(shí)候，很多國(guó)家的大多數(shù)人，他們的注意力主要集中在政治問(wèn)題上。 　　Dr Hatemi and Dr McDermott pored over 89 peer-reviewed papers on the effects of genesand environment on political matters. 　　哈特米博士和麥克德莫特博士認(rèn)真鉆研了，89名同行對(duì)于基因和環(huán)境對(duì)政治問(wèn)題影響的評(píng)論文章。 　　These included twins political knowledge, their attitudes to racial, sexual and religiousquestions, their views on defence and foreign policy, and their identification with particularpolitical parties. 　　這些評(píng)論報(bào)道包括了雙生子的政治知識(shí)，他們?cè)诜N族，性別和宗教問(wèn)題上的態(tài)度，他們對(duì)國(guó)防和外交政策的看法，還有他們對(duì)特別黨派的認(rèn)同感。 　　On all counts, identical twins were found to be more alike than fraternal twins. 　　通過(guò)這些項(xiàng)目的研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)同卵雙胞胎比異卵雙胞胎更相像。 　　That knowledge, refracted through the prism of statistical theory, allows calculations of theproportionate influences of genes, family environment and general environment onparticular traits to be made. 　　通過(guò)統(tǒng)計(jì)理論分析得到的結(jié)果，可以推算出基因、家庭環(huán)境和外部環(huán)境對(duì)特別性狀的相應(yīng)比例的影響。 　　Some show strong genetic influence. 　　其中，一些結(jié)果表明受到了很強(qiáng)的基因影響， 　　Some show little. 　　而有一些幾乎不受基因影響。 　　Intriguingly, political knowledge and party identification are at opposite ends of thespectrum. 　　有趣的是，政治知識(shí)和黨派認(rèn)同分別處于研究結(jié)果的兩端。 　　As the chart shows knowledge is highly genetically determined. Identification with aparticular political party, by contrast, is largely a question of family upbringingmuchmore so than are opinions about the sorts of policy that it might be thought would determinevoting patterns. 　　就像上表揭示的，政治知識(shí)受到基因的影響最大。相反，對(duì)特別政治黨派的認(rèn)同主要是家庭教育的問(wèn)題，而對(duì)于各種政策的意見(jiàn)，家庭教育對(duì)這個(gè)的影響遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不如對(duì)前者的影響。 　　But even family ties weaken when people leave homeand they do so in a way that helpsdisentangle genetic influence. 　　但是當(dāng)人們離開(kāi)家，家庭聯(lián)系甚至日益減弱時(shí)，這樣在某種程度上就把研究的方向聚集到了基因的影響上。 　　Dr Hatemi showed this in 2009 when, along with a group of colleagues, he looked at twinsaged between 11 and 75. 　　哈特米博士在2009年-當(dāng)時(shí)他與他的同仁們一起工作，對(duì)11歲到75歲的雙生子進(jìn)行了研究-公布了這個(gè)研究結(jié)果。 　　His results demonstrated that until their late teens both kinds of twins had equally similarpolitical views. 　　他的研究結(jié)果說(shuō)明了，直到這些雙生子十幾歲時(shí)，他們的政治看法都很相似。 　　Soon after they flew the nest, though, as might be expected, their views began to diverge. 　　但是，可能就像預(yù)測(cè)的一樣，在他們離巢后不久，這些雙生子之間的看法就開(kāi)始有分歧。 　　And, just as would be expected if genes have political influence, the views of fraternal twinsdiverged more than did those of identical ones. 　　而且，就像預(yù)計(jì)的，如果基因有政治影響力的話，那么異卵雙胞胎的意見(jiàn)分歧將會(huì)比那些同卵雙胞胎更加嚴(yán)重。 　　Between the ages of 18 and 20 identical and fraternal twins both shared nearly 70% of theirpolitical ideology. 　　18到20歲的同卵和異卵雙胞胎的政治思想近70%都相同。