Science and Technology Prevention of cancer Wonder drug

　　預防癌癥 特效藥

　　Aspirin continues to amaze

　　阿司匹林讓人吃驚的另一面

　　FOR thousands of years aspirin has been humanity s wonder drug.

　　幾千年來，阿司匹林就一直是人類的特效藥。

　　Extracts from the willow tree have been used for pain relief in folk medicine since the time ofthe ancient Greeks.

　　從古希臘開始，在民間醫藥中，人們就用柳樹的萃取物緩解疼痛。

　　By 1897 a synthetic derivative of the plant s active ingredient was created. This allowed aspirin to become the most widely used medicine in theworld.

　　1897年，這種植物中的有效成分的人工合成衍生物誕生了，于是阿司匹林變成了世界上應用最廣泛的藥品。

　　In recent years its benefits as a blood-thinning drug have led to it being prescribed in lowdoses of around 50mg to reduce deaths from stroke and heart attack.

　　最近幾年，由于阿司匹林的防血凝功能，在用其治療中風和心臟病的時候，劑量很小，維持在50mg的水平左右。

　　There were also hints that aspirin may help prevent some cancers.

　　也有跡象表明阿司匹林可以幫助預防一些癌癥。

　　But these were mostly based on observational studies, which can be misleading.

　　不過這些結論大多都是在觀察研究的基礎上的，因而有可能產生誤導。

　　The gold standard of scientific evidence is the randomised controlled trial, preferably onewith a lot of people and held over a long time.

　　國際上科學證據的標準是由隨機對照實驗得出的結果，尤其是那些有很多人參與又經過很長時間的實驗。

　　The results of just such a trial, published in the Lancet, suggest that aspirin is indeed anastonishing drug.

　　而就是這樣一份發表在《柳葉刀》上的論文表示阿司匹林的確是一種讓人吃驚的藥物。

　　Peter Rothwell at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford and his colleagues looked at deathsdue to cancers during and after randomised trials of daily aspirin.

　　來自牛津的約翰拉德克里夫醫院的彼得羅思韋爾和他的同事們研究了在每日服用阿司匹林的隨機對照實驗期間或者之后因癌癥而死亡的病例。

　　The trials had actually been started to look at how useful aspirin was for preventing heartattacks and strokes. Nevertheless, the data from the 25,570 patients enrolled in eight trialswas also revealing about cancer.

　　這一實驗本是為了研究阿司匹林在防止心臟病和中風方面的療效的，然而八項試驗25570名患者的數據也揭示了阿司匹林對于癌癥的療效。

　　In trials lasting between four and eight years, the patients who had been given aspirin were21% less likely to die from cancer than those who had been given a placebo.

　　在那些歷時4到8年之間的實驗中，服用阿司匹林的患者因癌癥而死亡的概率比那些服用安慰劑的患者小了21%。

　　These results were based on 674 cancer deaths, so are unlikely to represent the kind ofstatistical oddity that can beset studies on cancer risks that sometimes create headlines.

　　這些結果是在674例癌癥死亡病例的基礎上得出的，所以不大可能是所謂的統計學上的例外。對癌癥風險的研究會因這種例外而受挫，有時甚至會鬧成大資訊。

　　The benefits of aspirin were also apparent many years after the trials had ended.

　　試驗結束后的很多年后，阿司匹林的效果也仍舊明顯。

　　After five years, death rates for all cancers fell by 35% and for gastrointestinal cancers by54%.

　　五年后，所有癌癥的死亡率下降了35%，而胃腸道癌癥的死亡率則下降了54%。

　　A long-term follow-up of patients showed that the 20-year risk of cancer death remained 20%lower in those who had taken aspirin.

　　一項長期的病情跟蹤報告顯示，那些服用阿司匹林的患者的20年內的癌癥死亡風險比那些不服用的低了20%。

　　The study revealed that the effect takes time to accrue, so aspirin must be taken over a longperiod.

　　這項研究揭示了阿司匹林的效果是隨著時間而遞增的，所以必須長期服用才行。

　　The latent period for improving oesophageal, pancreatic, brain and lung cancer was aboutfive years of aspirin taking on a daily basis.For stomach and colorectal cancer the effects tookten years and for prostate cancer about 15 years.

　　每日服用阿司匹林對改善食管癌，胰腺癌，腦癌和肺癌的潛伏期為5年，對胃癌和結直腸癌則要花10年才能起作用，而前列腺癌則要15年。

　　The means by which aspirin prevents cancer is not well understood.

　　這意味著目前還不清楚阿司匹林到底是怎么預防癌癥的。

　　It is believed that it inhibits an enzyme that promotes cell proliferation in tumours.

　　研究人員認為阿司匹林阻礙了一種在腫瘤內部促進細胞增殖的酶的活動。

　　The researchers also found that small daily doses of aspirin were enough, and that takingmore than 75mg conferred no additional benefits.

　　研究者還發現，每天服用小劑量的阿司匹林就已足夠，劑量超過75mg后不會再增加效果。

　　Those starting on aspirin in their late 40s or 50s benefit most.

　　那些從四五十歲末就開始服用阿司匹林的人得到的效果最好。

　　Current guidelines on using aspirin for reducing the chances of a stroke or heart attackrightly warn of the small risk of ulcers and of dangerous bleeding in the stomach.

　　目前在用阿司匹林治療中風或者心臟病時，用藥說明上會明確提醒有可能出現潰瘍和危險性胃出血。

　　These guidelines will probably have to be revised given the new findings.

　　而鑒于這些新發現，這些說明很可能將要被修改了。

　　However, it remains unlikely that popping aspirin will be recommended for everyone like avitamin supplement.

　　不過阿司匹林泡騰片不大可能像維生素補充劑一樣被推廣至每一個人。

　　Aspirin is a highly cost-effective treatment: taking it for five to ten years easily beatsinitiatives to screen for breast and prostate cancers.

　　服用阿司匹林是一種非常劃算的治療：只要吃五到十年，就能打敗那些讓你做乳腺癌或者前列腺癌掃描的建議。

　　To put it another way, ask yourself what a pharmaceuticals firm might charge for a drug thatwould reduce the chance of death by cancer by 20%and then note that 100 days supply oflow-dose aspirin can cost less than a dollar.

　　換種說法，問問你自己，什么樣的醫藥公司在看到100天的小劑量阿司匹林供應量還值不到一美元時，會對這種能夠減少20%癌癥死亡幾率的藥品開價呢?

　　By anyone s measure, that is a bargain.

　　不管按照哪一方的標準，這都是一筆非常劃算的交易。

　　Science and Technology Prevention of cancer Wonder drug

　　預防癌癥 特效藥

　　Aspirin continues to amaze

　　阿司匹林讓人吃驚的另一面

　　FOR thousands of years aspirin has been humanity s wonder drug.

　　幾千年來，阿司匹林就一直是人類的特效藥。

　　Extracts from the willow tree have been used for pain relief in folk medicine since the time ofthe ancient Greeks.

　　從古希臘開始，在民間醫藥中，人們就用柳樹的萃取物緩解疼痛。

　　By 1897 a synthetic derivative of the plant s active ingredient was created. This allowed aspirin to become the most widely used medicine in theworld.

　　1897年，這種植物中的有效成分的人工合成衍生物誕生了，于是阿司匹林變成了世界上應用最廣泛的藥品。

　　In recent years its benefits as a blood-thinning drug have led to it being prescribed in lowdoses of around 50mg to reduce deaths from stroke and heart attack.

　　最近幾年，由于阿司匹林的防血凝功能，在用其治療中風和心臟病的時候，劑量很小，維持在50mg的水平左右。

　　There were also hints that aspirin may help prevent some cancers.

　　也有跡象表明阿司匹林可以幫助預防一些癌癥。

　　But these were mostly based on observational studies, which can be misleading.

　　不過這些結論大多都是在觀察研究的基礎上的，因而有可能產生誤導。

　　The gold standard of scientific evidence is the randomised controlled trial, preferably onewith a lot of people and held over a long time.

　　國際上科學證據的標準是由隨機對照實驗得出的結果，尤其是那些有很多人參與又經過很長時間的實驗。

　　The results of just such a trial, published in the Lancet, suggest that aspirin is indeed anastonishing drug.

　　而就是這樣一份發表在《柳葉刀》上的論文表示阿司匹林的確是一種讓人吃驚的藥物。

　　Peter Rothwell at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford and his colleagues looked at deathsdue to cancers during and after randomised trials of daily aspirin.

　　來自牛津的約翰拉德克里夫醫院的彼得羅思韋爾和他的同事們研究了在每日服用阿司匹林的隨機對照實驗期間或者之后因癌癥而死亡的病例。

　　The trials had actually been started to look at how useful aspirin was for preventing heartattacks and strokes. Nevertheless, the data from the 25,570 patients enrolled in eight trialswas also revealing about cancer.

　　這一實驗本是為了研究阿司匹林在防止心臟病和中風方面的療效的，然而八項試驗25570名患者的數據也揭示了阿司匹林對于癌癥的療效。

　　In trials lasting between four and eight years, the patients who had been given aspirin were21% less likely to die from cancer than those who had been given a placebo.

　　在那些歷時4到8年之間的實驗中，服用阿司匹林的患者因癌癥而死亡的概率比那些服用安慰劑的患者小了21%。

　　These results were based on 674 cancer deaths, so are unlikely to represent the kind ofstatistical oddity that can beset studies on cancer risks that sometimes create headlines.

　　這些結果是在674例癌癥死亡病例的基礎上得出的，所以不大可能是所謂的統計學上的例外。對癌癥風險的研究會因這種例外而受挫，有時甚至會鬧成大資訊。

　　The benefits of aspirin were also apparent many years after the trials had ended.

　　試驗結束后的很多年后，阿司匹林的效果也仍舊明顯。

　　After five years, death rates for all cancers fell by 35% and for gastrointestinal cancers by54%.

　　五年后，所有癌癥的死亡率下降了35%，而胃腸道癌癥的死亡率則下降了54%。

　　A long-term follow-up of patients showed that the 20-year risk of cancer death remained 20%lower in those who had taken aspirin.

　　一項長期的病情跟蹤報告顯示，那些服用阿司匹林的患者的20年內的癌癥死亡風險比那些不服用的低了20%。

　　The study revealed that the effect takes time to accrue, so aspirin must be taken over a longperiod.

　　這項研究揭示了阿司匹林的效果是隨著時間而遞增的，所以必須長期服用才行。

　　The latent period for improving oesophageal, pancreatic, brain and lung cancer was aboutfive years of aspirin taking on a daily basis.For stomach and colorectal cancer the effects tookten years and for prostate cancer about 15 years.

　　每日服用阿司匹林對改善食管癌，胰腺癌，腦癌和肺癌的潛伏期為5年，對胃癌和結直腸癌則要花10年才能起作用，而前列腺癌則要15年。

　　The means by which aspirin prevents cancer is not well understood.

　　這意味著目前還不清楚阿司匹林到底是怎么預防癌癥的。

　　It is believed that it inhibits an enzyme that promotes cell proliferation in tumours.

　　研究人員認為阿司匹林阻礙了一種在腫瘤內部促進細胞增殖的酶的活動。

　　The researchers also found that small daily doses of aspirin were enough, and that takingmore than 75mg conferred no additional benefits.

　　研究者還發現，每天服用小劑量的阿司匹林就已足夠，劑量超過75mg后不會再增加效果。

　　Those starting on aspirin in their late 40s or 50s benefit most.

　　那些從四五十歲末就開始服用阿司匹林的人得到的效果最好。

　　Current guidelines on using aspirin for reducing the chances of a stroke or heart attackrightly warn of the small risk of ulcers and of dangerous bleeding in the stomach.

　　目前在用阿司匹林治療中風或者心臟病時，用藥說明上會明確提醒有可能出現潰瘍和危險性胃出血。

　　These guidelines will probably have to be revised given the new findings.

　　而鑒于這些新發現，這些說明很可能將要被修改了。

　　However, it remains unlikely that popping aspirin will be recommended for everyone like avitamin supplement.

　　不過阿司匹林泡騰片不大可能像維生素補充劑一樣被推廣至每一個人。

　　Aspirin is a highly cost-effective treatment: taking it for five to ten years easily beatsinitiatives to screen for breast and prostate cancers.

　　服用阿司匹林是一種非常劃算的治療：只要吃五到十年，就能打敗那些讓你做乳腺癌或者前列腺癌掃描的建議。

　　To put it another way, ask yourself what a pharmaceuticals firm might charge for a drug thatwould reduce the chance of death by cancer by 20%and then note that 100 days supply oflow-dose aspirin can cost less than a dollar.

　　換種說法，問問你自己，什么樣的醫藥公司在看到100天的小劑量阿司匹林供應量還值不到一美元時，會對這種能夠減少20%癌癥死亡幾率的藥品開價呢?

　　By anyone s measure, that is a bargain.

　　不管按照哪一方的標準，這都是一筆非常劃算的交易。