英語四級閱讀復習之精選練習題
本文為正在復習英語的同學準備了閱讀精選練習題,供大家參考。
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can __1__ performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on __2__ and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, __3__ among educators. But the careful use of small __4__ rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed __5__inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
If kids know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively __6__ task, they show the most creativity, says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. But its easy to __7__ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for __8__ achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and __9__ failing grades.
In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards, shows __10__ in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
A)mental B)promise C)kill D)avoid
E)hope F)especially G)aid H)ordinary
I)approval J)monetary K)generally L)improve
M)challenging N)restore O)excellent
參考答案及解析:
1. 選 L )。 第一段主要提出了行為學家和認知派研究專家對于額外獎勵的不同看法,因此可以推出此處應填與 destroy 意思相反的動詞,可選項由 improve 和 aid ,但能與 performance 構成動賓搭配的只有 improve ,故排除 aid 。
2 . 選 I )。 由空格后的 and gift 可知此處應填名詞。認知派研究專家認為,由于獎勵助長了人們期望從別人那得到 和物質獎勵的心理,而往往會破壞創造力,因此,選項中只有 approval 認同符合題意。
3. 選 F )。 此處應填副詞。可選項有 generally 和 especially ,但從文章后面所舉的例子來理解,此處是為了突出強調教育家支持認知派研究專家的看法,因此只有 especially 尤其,特別符合題意。
4. 選 J )。 此處應填形容詞。由 But 轉折可知此句表明的觀點與認知派研究專家 who study various aspects of mental life 的觀點物質獎勵有害相反,因此可以推出此處應填的形容詞是表示物質獎勵的意思的詞,選項中只有 monetary 符合題意。
5. 選 G )。 此處應填動詞。由 But 轉折可知,此舉表明的觀點與前者即行為學家所持的觀點一致,原文為適當地給予獎勵刺激確實 創造力,選項中只有 aid 有助于符合題意。
6. 選 M )。 此處應填形容詞。從原文來看,如果孩子們知道他們在為獲得獎勵而努力,并能專注于相對 的任務,他們就會表現出很大的創造力,因此只有 challenging 符合題意。
7. 選 C )。 由 it its easy to do 結構可知,此處應填動詞。由此句中 But 轉折與前一句中 show the most creativity 可以推出,此處應填的詞應與 show he most 表達的意思相反,且與 destroy 意思相近,故選項中只有 kill 符合題意。
8. 選 H )。 此處應填形容詞。由此句中 high grades 和 uninspired 可以推出此處應填的詞應與 high 形成對比,故只有 ordinary 符合。
9 . 選 N )。 由空格前的 and 可知,此處應填動詞。可選項有 avoid 和 restore ,但由 tighten 可推出,既然是使平分標準嚴格,那么就會有高分和低分,也會有不及格,故只有 restore 恢復符合題意。 avoid 避免不符合原文意思。
10 . 選 B )。 很明顯此處應填名詞。原文為實行所謂象征性獎勵,在努力提高學生創造力方面有 ,可選項有 promise 和 hope ,而 hope 是一般人主觀的愿望,希望,但此處強調的是 有實現的可能性,有前景,故排除 hope 而選 promise 。
本文為正在復習英語的同學準備了閱讀精選練習題,供大家參考。
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can __1__ performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on __2__ and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, __3__ among educators. But the careful use of small __4__ rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed __5__inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
If kids know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively __6__ task, they show the most creativity, says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. But its easy to __7__ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for __8__ achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and __9__ failing grades.
In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards, shows __10__ in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
A)mental B)promise C)kill D)avoid
E)hope F)especially G)aid H)ordinary
I)approval J)monetary K)generally L)improve
M)challenging N)restore O)excellent
參考答案及解析:
1. 選 L )。 第一段主要提出了行為學家和認知派研究專家對于額外獎勵的不同看法,因此可以推出此處應填與 destroy 意思相反的動詞,可選項由 improve 和 aid ,但能與 performance 構成動賓搭配的只有 improve ,故排除 aid 。
2 . 選 I )。 由空格后的 and gift 可知此處應填名詞。認知派研究專家認為,由于獎勵助長了人們期望從別人那得到 和物質獎勵的心理,而往往會破壞創造力,因此,選項中只有 approval 認同符合題意。
3. 選 F )。 此處應填副詞??蛇x項有 generally 和 especially ,但從文章后面所舉的例子來理解,此處是為了突出強調教育家支持認知派研究專家的看法,因此只有 especially 尤其,特別符合題意。
4. 選 J )。 此處應填形容詞。由 But 轉折可知此句表明的觀點與認知派研究專家 who study various aspects of mental life 的觀點物質獎勵有害相反,因此可以推出此處應填的形容詞是表示物質獎勵的意思的詞,選項中只有 monetary 符合題意。
5. 選 G )。 此處應填動詞。由 But 轉折可知,此舉表明的觀點與前者即行為學家所持的觀點一致,原文為適當地給予獎勵刺激確實 創造力,選項中只有 aid 有助于符合題意。
6. 選 M )。 此處應填形容詞。從原文來看,如果孩子們知道他們在為獲得獎勵而努力,并能專注于相對 的任務,他們就會表現出很大的創造力,因此只有 challenging 符合題意。
7. 選 C )。 由 it its easy to do 結構可知,此處應填動詞。由此句中 But 轉折與前一句中 show the most creativity 可以推出,此處應填的詞應與 show he most 表達的意思相反,且與 destroy 意思相近,故選項中只有 kill 符合題意。
8. 選 H )。 此處應填形容詞。由此句中 high grades 和 uninspired 可以推出此處應填的詞應與 high 形成對比,故只有 ordinary 符合。
9 . 選 N )。 由空格前的 and 可知,此處應填動詞??蛇x項有 avoid 和 restore ,但由 tighten 可推出,既然是使平分標準嚴格,那么就會有高分和低分,也會有不及格,故只有 restore 恢復符合題意。 avoid 避免不符合原文意思。
10 . 選 B )。 很明顯此處應填名詞。原文為實行所謂象征性獎勵,在努力提高學生創造力方面有 ,可選項有 promise 和 hope ,而 hope 是一般人主觀的愿望,希望,但此處強調的是 有實現的可能性,有前景,故排除 hope 而選 promise 。