2024英語必考點逐個擊破快速提分：考點妙解1 主旨大意

　　本類考題解答錦囊

　　一篇文章通常是圍繞一個中心思想展開的。不少文章一開頭便展示出文章的主題，特別是資訊報道，第一小段通常是故事的梗概，這一段往往表達了文章的中心思想；在文章的段落中，則通常由開頭的一句作為主題句(topic sentence)來概括該段的中心思想。主題句一般具有三個特點：

　　1．表述的意思比較概括，相對主題句來看，這種概括性更為明顯。

　　2．句子結構較簡單，多數都不采用長、難句的形式。

　　3．段落中其他的句子必定是用來解釋、支撐或發展主題句所表述的主題思想。

　　理解一篇文章的主旨大意首先要學會尋找主題句。一般來說，在一個段落中，主題句的位置有五種情況：

　　1．主題句在段首：在有主題句的段落中，主題句位于段首的可能性最大。通常用演繹法撰寫的段落，往往遵循從一般到個別的寫作程序，即以概述開始，隨之詳細解說。

　　2．主題句在段尾：與主題句位于段首的情況相反，主題句位于段尾時，通常用歸納法撰寫。表述細節的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此而結尾。位于段尾的主題句往往陳述依據上文的細節的結論或建議，歸納的要點或共性以及得出的觀察印象或結果。

　　3．主題句在段中：當主題句位于段中，開段的句子往往表述段落要論述的主題，而主題則由隨之引出的句子來表達。此外，為闡明主題思想，在主題句之后，仍有一些句子陳述細節，或作合乎邏輯的引申。這一類的段落包括三個層次：引題——主題——解釋，或提問——回答——解釋。

　　屯主題句在段首和段尾：在一些文段中，作者為了突出主題思想，并暗示讀者，這段文章中的意思比其他的段更重要。采用了前后呼應、兩次點題的寫作乎法。值得注意的是，表述同一主題思想的兩個主題句，在句型結構和用詞方面往往不盡—致，而且在內容上后者也不是前者的簡單重復，多半有所引申或順應其向細節的鋪敘而有所側重。

　　5．主題句暗含在段中：不是所有的段落都有主題句。尤其是在多段文章中，主題句并沒有明確表述。閱讀這樣的文段，主要通過對細節的陳述或概括各段的主題思想，含蓄地表達文段的主題思想。對于無主題句的文段，不可能采用辯論主題句的方法來獲取其主題思想。而應正確理解作者提供的所有細節，包括事實、觀點和事件，在大腦中形成初步印象。然后發揮自己的邏輯概括能力，概括作者提供的事實、觀點和事件，綜合歸納成一般概念。這種概念不一定能達到主題句那樣完整，但只要切合文段的主題即可。

　　這類試題主要考查學生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力，也包括分析、歸納文章的段落大意、重要睛節、人物特征、環境特點的能力。這種試題要求學生把握文章的總體，并真正理解主題和中心句；要求能較好地運用概念、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維的方法，難度較大，屬于高層次題。在運用多項選擇法考查學生這方面的閱讀理解能力時，對大多數短文(段落)的主題(subject)，中心思想(mabidea)，標題(titlle)或作者的寫作目的(pUI'[X)se)加以擬題。擬題大致有以下固定的提問方式：

　　1．Thesubiectoftheparagraph(passage)is______.

　　2．The paragraph(passage)deals with______.

　　3．What topic iS treated in this paragraph(passage)?

　　4. The main idea of the paragraph(passage)is

　　5. From the paragraph(passage)we know that

　　6. The paragraph (passage)could be entitled

　　7. Which of the following is the best title for the paragraph(passage)?

　　8. What is the author's main pupose?

　　凡遇到這樣的一些問題,我們都應從理解主題思想去考慮答案是哪一個。

　　Ⅰ

　　高考最新熱門題

　　1.(典型例題季卷)

　　A characteristic of American culture that has become almost a tradition is to respect the self-made man--the man who has risen to the top through his own efforts, usually beginning by working with his hands. While the leader in business or in- dustry or the college professor occupies a higher social position and commands greater respect in the community than the com- mon laborer or even the skilled factory worker, he may take pains to point out that his father started life in America as a farmer or laborer of some sort.

　　This attitude toward manual (體力的) labor is now still seen in many aspects of American lif~ One is invited to dinner at a home that is not only comfortably but even luxuriously (豪華地) furnished and in which there is every evidence of the fact that the family has been able to afford foreign travel, expensive hobbies, and college education for the children; yet the hostess probably will cook the dinner herself, will serve it herself and will wash dishes afterward, furthermore the dinner will not consist merely of something quickly and easily assembled from contents of various cans and a cake or a pie bought at the near- by bakery. On the contrary, the hostess usually takes pride in careful preparation of special dishes. A professional man may talk about washing the car, digging in his flowerbeds, painting the house. His wife may even help with these things, just as he often helps her with the dishwashing. The son who is away at college may wait on table and wash dishes for his living, or during the summer he may work with a construction gang on a highway in order to pay for his education.

　　1. From Paragraph 1 , we can know that in America

　　A. people tend to have a high opinion of the self--made man

　　B. people can always rise to the top through their own efforts

　　C. college professors win great respect from common workers

　　D. people feel painful to mention their fathers as laborers

　　2. According to the passage, the hostess cooks dinner herself mainly because

　　A. servants in America are hard to get

　　B. she takes pride in what she can do herself

　　C. she can hardly afford servants

　　D. it is easy to prepare a meal with canned food

　　3. The expression "wait on table" in the second paragraph means

　　A. work in a furniture shop

　　B. keep accounts for a bar

　　C. wait to lay the table

　　D. serve customers in a restaurant

　　4. Which of the following may serve as the best title of the passage?

　　A. A Respectable Self--made Family

　　B. American Attitude toward Manual Labor

　　C. Characteristics of American Culture

　　D. The Development of Manual Labo

　　命題目的與解題技巧：本文的命題目的是考查考生概括主題的能力。做這類題的決竅就是找主題句。本文共兩段，主題句為每段的第一句話。找出主題句，就不難抓住本文的主題思想。

　　【解 析】

　　本文介紹了美國人民在生活中尊重通過自己的勤奮勞動而獲得成功的人這樣一種文化。

　　【答 案】

　　1．A這是一道段落主旨題。從第一段內容可知整段都圍繞第一句話展開，因而第一句話是這一段的主題句，說明在美國手工工人很受尊敬。

　　2．B

　　本題為細節題。第二段倒數第四句說女主人自已做飯的原因是她們為自己能動手做飯而感到驕傲。

　　3．D

　　猜測詞義題。根據sswashdishesfOrhis 1iving"可推測出wait。ntable的意思“在飯店當招待員”。

　　4．B

　　本題是主旨題。這篇短文主要講述美國人對手工勞動的態度。

　　2.(典型例題

　　If there is no difference in general intelligence (智力) between boys and girls, what can explain girls' poor performance in science and mathematics?

　　It seems to be that their treatment at school is a directcause. Mathematics and science are seen as subjects mainly for boys, and therefore, as girls become teenagers, they are less likely to take them. Interestingly, both boys and girls often re- gard the subjects for boys as more difficult. Yet it has been suggested that girls do not take mathematics courses, not be- cause they are difficult, but for social reasons.

　　Girls do not want to be in open competition with boys because they are afraid to appear less feminine (女性的) and attractive.

　　However, if we examine the performance of boys and girls who have taken mathematics courses, there are still more high- achieving boys than there are girls. This difference appears to be world-wide.

　　Biological explanations have been offered for this, but there are other explanations too.

　　Perhaps the difference which comes out during the teenage years has its roots in much earlier experiences. From their first days in kindergarten, boys are encouraged to work on their own and to complete tasks. Facts show that outstanding (杰出的) mathematicians and scientists have not had teachers who supplied answers.

　　Besides, there can be little doubt that teachers of mathematics and science expect their boy students to do better at these subjects than their girl students. They even appear to encourage the difference between boys and girls.

　　They spend more time with the boy students, giving them more time to answer questions and working harder to get correct answers from them. They are more likely to call on boys for answers and toallow them to take the lead in classroom discussion. They also praise boys more frequently.

　　All of this seems to encourage boys to work harder in science and mathematics and to give them confidence(信心) that they are able to succeed.

　　Such a way of teaching is not likely to encourage girls to take many mathematics and science courses, nor is it likely to support girls who do. When it comes to these subjects it seems certain that school widens the difference between boys and girls.

　　1. Girls are likely to think that___________.

　　A. science courses are for both boys and girls

　　B. science courses make them more popular

　　C. science courses make them successful

　　D. science courses are difficult for them

　　2. The text mainly discusses ______ reasons for the difference between boys and girls in scientific achievements.

　　A. biological

　　B. historical

　　C. social

　　D. personal

　　3. What are boys usually encouraged to do at school?

　　A. To get help with their homework.

　　B. To play the leading role in class.

　　C. To work with girl students in class.

　　D. To learn to take care of others.

　　4. What does the passage say about great mathematicians?

　　A. Their teachers did not supply answers to them.

　　B. They started learning mathematics at an earlier age.

　　C.

　　They showed mathematical abilities in their teenage

　　years.

　　D. Their success resulted from their strong interest in math ematics.

　　5. The author would probably agree that ______.

　　A. boys and girls learn in the same way

　　B. boys and girls are equal in general intelligence

　　C. girls are more confident in themselves than before

　　D. girls should take fewer science courses than boys

　　【解 析】

　　本文是議論文，主要分析了男孩跟女孩在數學學習方面差異形成的原因。

　　【答案】 F

　　1．D

　　要求考生根據細節進行推斷。文章第二段中第三句話說明女孩們不愿選修這些理科課程，似乎認為這些很難。

　　2．C

　　考查概括主旨大意的能力。文章第三段雖提到了 biological reason，但這并不是作者要強調的。“Biological explanations have been offered for this，but there are other explanations too．”再看全文。作者主要探討的學校教育，甚至學前教育所造成的影響，屬于social reasons．

　　3．B

　　這是一道細節理解題。文章第五段在討論學校教育時說“They are more likely to call on boys for answers and to alloW them to take the lead in classroom discussion”，意思就是說在班里起帶頭作用。

　　4．A

　　考查對文章細節的理解能力。第四段提到男女生的差異可能源于他們在幼兒園受到的教育。對大數學家的調查提到“Facts show that outstanding mathematicians and scientists have not had teachers who supplied answers"。

　　5．B

　　考查對作者觀點的理解。文章第一句話說“Ⅱthere is no diference in general intelligence between boys and grls．．．”，表明作者承認男女之間智力并無大的差異，導致他們后天在理科方面的差距的直接原因不是智力，而是學校教育。之后作者不再提智力方面的差異，說明作者承認這個前提。

　　由上面兩個例題我們可以看出，文章的中心思想或主旨大意一定帶有綜合概括性。

　　Passage1 (典型例題

　　It was a warm April day when a big fat envelope came in themail from theonlycOllege I had ever iiliagined attending． I to reopen the packet．

　　My eyes were nxed on the word“congratulations”l don't remember ever smiling so Wide．

　　Then I l00ked at my financial(財政)package.

　　Thecost of Dream School’s tuition(學費)，room and board was around(40，000

　　an impossible sum!How conld I afford

　　to attend?What good reasons did

　　I have to go there when three other

　　fine

　　colleges

　　were offering

　　me

　　free

　　tuittion? My other choices were good，

　　solid schools even if they weren't as famous as my first choice．

　　In my mind，attending my dream university Would be the only way to realize my dream of becoming a world--class writer. My parents understood how I felt. They told me that even though it would be a financial problem, I could go wherever I would be happiest. But as I was always careful with money, I wasn't sure what to do.

　　One of the schools that offered me a full ride had an informational dinner one night in the spring.

　　Considering my parents'financial difficulties, I decided to drive the 45 minutes and attend. At first, all I had planned to do was to smile politely, eat free food, listen quietly. But I surprised myself.

　　At dinner the president of the university talked about the wonderful activities on campus (校園) including guest lectures and social gatherings. He also made it perfectly clear that free food would be offered at all future events. He continued with explanations of professors, class sizes, activities, and sporting events on campus.

　　As he spoke, I began to realize that this school, though not as good as my first choice, might be the best one for me.

　　It seemed small yet with many great programs. It seemed challenging yet caring.

　　As the president ended his speech, we clapped politely and pushed back our chairs. As I walked out of that door, a feeling of comfort washed over me. Looking at the campus that night, I realized that I would be spending the next four years right there.

　　In all honesty, my university is not as well--known as my "dream" university.

　　However, it turned out to be the right choice of schools for me.

　　1. How did the author feel when he started to read the letter?

　　A. He was full of joy.

　　B. He was lost in his dream.

　　C. He was worried about the money.