必 修 4

　　Units 3～

　　專項語法　虛擬語氣

　　要點精析

　　條件從句 主句 例句

　　與現在事實相反 If I(we, you, he, she, it, they)＋動詞過去式(be的形式一律用were) I(we, you, he, she, it, they)＋would/should/could/might＋動詞原形 If he were indoors, he wouldn't feel so cold.

　　條件從句 主句 例句

　　與過去事實相反 If I(we, you, he, she, it, they)had＋過去分詞 I(we, you, he, she, it, they)＋would/should/could/might＋have done If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the examination.

　　條件從句 主句 例句

　　與將來事實相反 A式：If＋主語＋一般過去式B式：If＋主語＋were to do C式：If＋主語＋should do I(we, you, he, she, it, they)＋would/should/could/might＋動詞原形 A：If he were here this evening, we would play cards.B：If she were to marry Jack, she would be happy.C：If she should know it, she would tell me.

　　例　(2010·天津，15)—John went to the hospital alone.

　　—If he________me about it, I would have gone with him.

　　A．should tell

　　B．tells

　　C．told

　　D．had told

　　解析：句意：——約翰自己去的醫院。——如果他告訴我的話，我就和他一起去了。本題考查與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣，從句用過去完成時。故D項正確。

　　答案：D

　　2．虛擬條件句和主句動作如發生的時間不一致，主句和從句的謂語要根據各自所指的不同時間選用適當的虛擬語氣形式，這種句子叫做錯綜時間條件句。

　　If I were you, I wouldn't have missed the film last night.

　　如果我是你，我就不會錯過昨晚那部電影了。(現在→過去)

　　If they had left home in early morning, they would arrive in half an hour.

　　要是他們一大早離開家的話，再過半個小時就該到了。(過去→將來)

　　例　(2010·北京，34)—The weather has been very hot and dry.

　　—Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now! And my vegetables______.

　　A．wouldn't die

　　B．didn't die

　　C．hadn't died

　　D．wouldn't have died

　　解析：句意：——天氣又熱又干燥。——是的，要是稍微下點兒雨，現在的情況就會更好一些！那樣我的蔬菜就不會死掉了。由條件句中的had rained可以推出這是與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣，但是主句有時間狀語now，所以用了與現在事實相反的虛擬語氣would be；最后一句話也是與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣，故用wouldn't have died。

　　答案：D

　　3．有時虛擬條件不用從句，而是通過上下文或用介詞短語等表示出來，這種句子叫含蓄虛擬條件句。常用的介詞有with, without, but for等。

　　But for your help, we couldn't have succeeded.

　　要不是你的幫助，我們是不會成功的。

　　Without electricity life would be quite different today.

　　如果沒有電，今天的生活就會完全不同。

　　She wasn't feeling well, otherwise she wouldn't have left the meeting so early.

　　她感到不舒服，不然她不會那么早離開會場的。

　　例　(2011·江西，28)We ________ John's name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury.

　　A．will put

　　B．will have put

　　C．would put

　　D．would have put

　　解析：本題考查虛擬語氣。句意：要不是因為約翰最近受傷的話，我們昨天就把他的名字寫在比賽名單上了。but for his recent injury是含蓄虛擬條件句，而且句中有明確的時間狀語，故主句用would have done。

　　答案：D

　　二、虛擬語氣用于名詞性從句

　　1．用于wish后的賓語從句中

　　與現在事實相反，用were或動詞的過去式；與過去事實相反，用had＋過去分詞或would/could have done；表示將來沒有把握或不太可能實現的愿望，用would/should/could/might＋動詞原形。

　　I wish she were here.

　　她在這兒就好了。

　　I wish you would go with us tomorrow.

　　但愿你明天跟我們一起去。

　　I wish she had taken my advice.

　　那時她要是聽我的話就好了。

　　例　(2011·北京，28)—Where are the children? The dinner's going to be completely ruined.

　　—I wish they

　　________

　　always late.

　　A. weren't

　　B. hadn't been

　　C. wouldn't be

　　D. wouldn't have been

　　解析：本題考查wish后從句虛擬語氣的用法。句意：——孩子們哪里去了？晚飯快要徹底壞掉了。——要是他們不總是遲到就好了。由第一句可知對話表示的是現在的事，wish后跟賓語從句時，要用虛擬語氣，表示現在的事情要用一般過去時態。

　　答案：A

　　2．用在表示建議、愿望、命令等詞后的賓語從句中。常見的動詞有：suggest, advise, propose, command, request, insist, recommend等。賓語從句中謂語動詞用“should＋動詞原形”，should可以省略。

　　He demands that he(should)be told everything.

　　他要求將一切告訴他。

　　Jane's pale face suggested that she was ill, and her parents suggested that she(should)have a medical examination.

　　簡蒼白的臉色表明她生病了，她父母建議她做一個體格檢查。

　　例　(2010·福建，29)Teachers recommend parents ____ ____their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.

　　A．not allow

　　B．do not allow

　　C．mustn't allow

　　D．couldn't allow

　　解析：考查虛擬語氣。recommend后的賓語從句謂語動詞用“(should)＋動詞原形”，因此A項正確。

　　答案：A

　　3．would rather后的賓語從句中，謂語用一般過去時表示現在或將來要做的事。如談到過去的動作，則用過去完成時。

　　I'd rather you paid the money yourself.(現在)

　　我寧愿你自己付錢。

　　I'd rather she hadn't done that.(過去)

　　我寧愿她沒做過那事。

　　4．用于主語從句中

　　It is desired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/ strange/natural/a pity/essential＋that從句，從句中的謂語動詞用“should＋動詞原形”，should可以省略。

　　It is suggested that the meeting(should)be put off till next week.

　　有人建議會議應推遲到下周。

　　It is strange that he(should)have acted towards his parents like that.

　　他那樣對待自己的父母很奇怪。

　　注意：以下句式也可以用于陳述語氣。

　　It's strange that he didn't come yesterday.

　　很奇怪他昨天沒來。

　　It's a pity that you didn't dance.

　　很可惜你沒有跳舞。

　　5．用于表語從句和同位語從句中

　　在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, request, advice等名詞后的表語從句和同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣。其構成是“should＋動詞原形”，should可省略。

　　Their desire was that a treaty(should)be signed at once.

　　他們的愿望是立即簽署協議。

　　We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should)go to Dalian for sightseeing.

　　我們都同意他的建議就是我們該去大連觀光。

　　三、虛擬語氣用于定語從句中

　　在It is(high)time(that)．..句型中，定語從句的謂語動詞用過去式或“should＋動詞原形(其中should不能省略)”。此句型意為“(現在)該……”，用來表示建議。

　　It is(high)time that you went to school.

　　到了你該上學的時間了。

　　It is(high)time that we should start out.

　　到了我們該出發的時間了。

　　例　It's high time the government________measures to help the graduates.

　　A．takes

　　B．took

　　C．will take

　　D．has taken

　　解析：考查虛擬語氣。句式It be(about/high)time接從句時，從句要用虛擬語氣，謂語動詞用一般過去式。

　　答案：B

　　四、虛擬語氣用在as if/though, even if/though從句中

　　He talks as if he knew all about it.

　　他說起來好像知道一切一樣。

　　Even if he were here, he couldn't solve the problem.

　　即使他在這兒，他也不能解決問題。

　　注意：當as if從句的含義與事實相符時，其時態要根據需要而定，而不用虛擬語氣。

　　He talked as if he was drunk.(事實)

　　他說話的口氣好像喝醉了。

　　五、用于if only引導的感嘆句中

　　If only I were a flying bird!

　　要是我是一只飛鳥多好！

　　Look at the trouble I am in. If only I had followed your advice!

　　看看現在我的困境，要是我接受你的建議就好了！

　　例　(2010·東北三校聯考)—Why do you look so upset?

　　—I broke up with my girlfriend. If only I________more about her.

　　A．care

　　B．cared

　　C．had cared

　　D．had been cared

　　解析：考查虛擬語氣。if only表示“要是……就好了”，后面的句子要用虛擬語氣。表示與過去事實相反的情況時，謂語動詞用had done的形式。

　　答案：C

　　運用提升

　　1．(2011·陜西，22)I________through that bitter period without your generous help.

　　A. couldn't have gone

　　B. didn't go

　　C. wouldn't go

　　D. hadn't gone

　　答案：A　考查情態動詞和虛擬語氣。句意：如果沒有你的慷慨幫助，我不可能度過那么艱難的時期。without your generous help相當于if it hadn't been for your generous help，所以主句用“情態動詞＋完成時形式”表示對過去情況的虛擬，couldn't have done sth.“本來不能做某事(而實際上做到了)”。

　　2．(2011·天津，15)I______sooner but I didn't know that they were waiting for me.

　　A．had come

　　B．was coming

　　C．would come

　　D．would have come

　　答案：D　本題考查含蓄虛擬語氣。由從句內容可知空格處表示對過去情況的假設，故D項正確。句意：我會早點來的，但我不知道他們在等我。

　　3．(2011·北京，30)Maybe if I

　　________

　　science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.

　　A. studied

　　B. would study

　　C. had studied

　　D. was studying

　　答案：C　本題考查虛擬語氣。句意：或許當時如果我不學文學而學自然科學的話，我會給你更多的幫助。if從句若表示不能實現的假設，要用虛擬語氣；根據關鍵詞then可知if從句表示過去的動作，故用過去完成時態。

　　4．(2011·福建，34)—Pity you missed the lecture on nuclear pollution.

　　—I______it，but I was busy preparing for a job interview.

　　A．attended

　　B．had attended

　　C．would attend

　　D．would have attended

　　答案：D　本題考查虛擬語氣。句意：——你錯過了有關核污染的演講真是遺憾。——我本想去聽來，但我忙著準備工作面試。由語境可知，此處表示“本想去而事實上沒去”。為虛擬語氣，敘述與過去事實相反，要用would have done，故D項正確。

　　5．(2011·蘇錫常鎮一調，35)—I won't be in for dinner tonight.

　　—Well, ________ you'd told me earlier.

　　A．I hope

　　B．I wish

　　C．I forgot

　　D．I remember

　　答案：B　句意：——今晚我不回家吃飯了。——真希望你早點告訴我。考查虛擬語氣。you'd told me earlier為過去完成時，強調對過去的虛擬，而選項中只有wish可以用于虛擬語氣。故選B。

　　6．(2011·杭州質檢二，16)I ________ the poor rabbit, but I didn't have the right drugs with me at that moment.

　　A．could have saved

　　B．had saved

　　C．could save

　　D．saved

　　答案：A　句意：我當時本來可以救那只可憐的兔子的，但那時我沒有隨身帶合適的藥。考查虛擬語氣。語境表明是對過去情況的虛擬，故需用“情態動詞的過去式＋現在完成式”，故選A。

　　7．(2011·杭州質檢二，11)We can hardly believe that an intelligent person like Daniel ________ be asking such a silly question.

　　A．should

　　B．might　

　　C．must　

　　D．could

　　答案：A　句意：我們幾乎不能相信像Daniel這樣聰明的人居然會問如此愚蠢的問題。考查情態動詞。should “居然，竟然”符合語境。

　　8．(2011·湖南十二校第二次聯考，25)—Why did you leave without a word of warning to John?

　　—But what ________ otherwise? He never listens to me.

　　A．could I do

　　B．must I have done

　　C．could I have done

　　D．should I do

　　答案：C　句意：——為什么你不警告John就離開了？——不然我還能怎么做呢？他從不聽我的話。考查虛擬語氣。由上文時態可知應該是對發生過的事情的虛擬，排除A和D。而虛擬語氣中不使用倒裝，故選C。易錯選A。混淆了對不同時間進行虛擬的形式，如果對現在或將來進行虛擬，用could/should/might/would＋動詞原形；如果對過去進行虛擬，應該用could/should/might/would＋have done。

　　9．(2011·江西九校聯考，30)But for the fact that China________ also affected by the global economic crisis, we ________ fewer unemployed workers now.

　　A．is; would have

　　B．were; would have

　　C．was; would have had

　　D．were; would have had

　　答案：A　句意：要不是現在中國也受到全球經濟危機的影響這一事實，我們現在就會有較少的失業工人。考查虛擬語氣。從主句時間狀語now可知是對現在情況的虛擬，故第二空處選would have；含蓄條件中的核心結構是but for the fact, that引導的句子是fact的同位語從句，其敘述的是現在的事實，故用一般現在時。答案為A。

　　10．(2011·成都三診，9)—You shouldn't have gone there alone last night; it was too dangerous.

　　—But I ________. Acturally, my father went with me.

　　A．didn't

　　B．hadn't

　　C．wouldn't

　　D．haven't

　　答案：A　句意：——你昨天晚上本不應該獨自去那兒，太危險了。——但是我沒有，事實上，是爸爸和我一起去的。考查動詞時態。第一句話中的shouldn't have gone表明是對過去情況的虛擬，第二句應該是說的過去的客觀事實，故用一般過去時。選A。易錯選B。沒有意識到shouldn't have gone表示對過去情況的虛擬，也沒有注意第二句后半句中的動詞用的是過去式(went)，說的是過去的事，認為語境為“過去之前”而錯選過去完成時。