Unit 3　Science versus nature【1】 beyond prep. (表示位置)在……的那邊，遲于，超出

　　There is a beautiful lake beyond the hill.

　　山那邊有一個(gè)美麗的湖。

　　beyond belief 難以置信

　　beyond doubt 毫無疑問

　　beyond one's imagination 超出想象

　　beyond one's reach 某人夠不著

　　beyond recognition 認(rèn)不出來

　　beyond praise 贊嘆不已

　　beyond compare 舉世無雙

　　beyond one's grasp 抓不住，難把握

　　What he said is beyond belief.

　　他說的話難以置信。

　　over, above, across, beyond

　　over 強(qiáng)調(diào)“(部分或全部覆蓋)在……之上”，“翻越……”。

　　She put a blanket over the sleeping child.

　　她給熟睡的孩子蓋上毯子。

　　above 強(qiáng)調(diào)“在……的上方/之前”，一般不與參照物相連。

　　We were flying above the clouds.

　　我們在云層上面飛行。

　　across 強(qiáng)調(diào)“從……一邊到另一邊”，“橫過(馬路等)”。

　　He walked across the field.

　　他走過田地。

　　beyond 強(qiáng)調(diào)“在……較遠(yuǎn)的一邊”，“超出……范圍”。

　　The road continues beyond the village up into the hills.

　　那條路經(jīng)過村子后又往上延伸到群山中。

　　①What he said ______ was really ______ my imagination and belief.

　　A. over; beyond

　　B. above; beyond

　　C. over; above

　　D. above; over

　　②It's quite ______ me why such things have been allowed to happen.

　　A. for

　　B. behind

　　C. against

　　D. beyond

　　①B　第一空強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“之前他說的話”，第二空指的是“超出我的想象，不可信”。

　　②D　It's beyond me why/what, etc. “我無法理解……”。

　　【2】 advance v. & n. 前進(jìn)，推進(jìn)；提前，提出

　　The captain ordered that the soldiers should advance in spite of the terrible weather.

　　長官命令士兵不顧惡劣的天氣前進(jìn)。

　　There have been great advances in medicine in the last ten years.

　　在近10年醫(yī)藥(學(xué))方面有很大的進(jìn)展。

　　The date of the meeting was advanced from June 10 to June 1st.

　　會議從6月10日提前到6月1日。

　　do…in advance 事先做好……

　　There will be a popular show this weekend, and my family have booked tickets in advance.

　　周末有一場表演，我家已提前訂好了票。

　　advance in(on) 在……進(jìn)步

　　in advance of 在……之前，優(yōu)于，勝過

　　with the advance of 隨著……的推進(jìn)

　　①We live in an age of ______________________.

　　我們生活在技術(shù)迅猛發(fā)展的時(shí)代。

　　②It's cheaper if you book the tickets __________.

　　預(yù)訂票要便宜些。

　　③They ________________ 20 miles by nightfall.

　　夜幕降臨時(shí)，他們已推進(jìn)了20英里。

　　①rapid technological advance　

　　②in advance　

　　③had advanced

　　【3】 point n. 點(diǎn)；得分；要點(diǎn)；觀點(diǎn)；尖端 v. 指，指向

　　You've got a point there./That's a point.

　　你說得對。/有道理。

　　At one point, I thought she was going to refuse, but she finally agreed.

　　我一度認(rèn)為她想拒絕，但最終她還是同意了。

　　He pointed to the spot where the house used to stand.

　　他指出那所房子原來所在的地方。

　　point of view 觀點(diǎn)

　　be to/off the point 說中要害/走題　

　　point out 指出

　　point to 指向(較遠(yuǎn)之物)

　　point at 指著(較近之物)

　　I am in a hurry, so please come ______.

　　A. to the point

　　B. off the point

　　C. in point

　　D. at point

　　A　表示“請直說，請不要拐彎抹角”。

　　【4】 desperate adj. 不顧一切的，拼命的；危急的，極其嚴(yán)峻的；非常需要的

　　If aid can't arrive within 24 hours, the situation in the earthquake－stricken areas will be desperate.

　　如果援助在24小時(shí)內(nèi)不能到達(dá)，地震災(zāi)區(qū)的情形將會很危急。

　　be desperate to do…/for… 極想要做……，極想要得到……

　　After a whole day's working, the children are now desperate to have a good sleep.

　　一整天的學(xué)習(xí)后，孩子們現(xiàn)在急切需要好好睡一覺。

　　其他的表示“十分想要……”的詞還有：

　　be dying to do…/be dying for…； can't wait to do…； be eager to do…/be eager for…； feel in a rush to do…； long for (sb. to do) sth.; be keen to do; fancy (doing) sth.; be anxious to do等。

　　Having suffered from the poverty for half his life, his father is now ______ to become rich.

　　A. desperate

　　B. desperated

　　C. eagering

　　D. anxious

　　A　be desperate to do 非常想做……

　　【5】 benefit n. 利益，好處 v. 使受益；對……有益

　　benefit from/by sth. 得益于，得利于

　　have the benefit of 得益于

　　be of benefit to… 使……受益

　　for the benefit of…為了……的利益

　　for one's benefit 為了幫助某人，為了某人的利益

　　How much benefit did you get from your holiday?

　　你從假期中獲益多少？

　　The new policy on the developing of agriculture is of great benefit to the farmers.

　　新出臺的關(guān)于發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)的政策對農(nóng)民十分有利。

　　Some of the new technologies just can't benefit us humans.

　　有一些新技術(shù)就是不能給人類帶來好處。

　　I have benefited much from the after－class activities.

　　我從課外活動(dòng)中獲益很多。

　　(1)beneficial adj. 有益的，有利的

　　It is a beneficial result to us.

　　這對我們來說是一個(gè)有利的結(jié)果。

　　Fresh air is beneficial to our health.

　　新鮮空氣對我們的身體有利。

　　(2)profit n. 利潤，利益

　　make a profit/profits from (…) (從……中)獲得利潤

　　non－profit organizations 非贏利性組織

　　①______ the factory he opened up three years ago, he has decided to close it.

　　A. Benefiting from

　　B. Not benefited

　　C. Benefited

　　D. Not benefiting from

　　②We got a lot of ____________________ learning a foreign language.

　　我們從學(xué)習(xí)外語中獲得很多益處。

　　③That experience was of great ________________________________________________________________________.

　　那次經(jīng)歷對我很有益處。

　　④She went there ________________________ her health.

　　她為了健康而去了那里。

　　①D　他之所以要關(guān)掉工廠，是因?yàn)椤皼]有從中獲利”，所以A、C項(xiàng)不對。同時(shí)考慮與邏輯主語之間的主動(dòng)/被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以選D。

　　②benefit from　

　　③benefit to me　

　　④for the benefit of

　　【6】辨析habit, practice, custom

　　(1)habit指個(gè)人的“習(xí)慣”，通常用于表示做事、思考問題或行為舉止的不自覺的方式。(參見M6U3)

　　He is in the habit of rising early.

　　他有早起的習(xí)慣。

　　(2)practice 既可表示個(gè)人的也可表示社會的“習(xí)慣”，這種“習(xí)慣”從性質(zhì)上看是一種反復(fù)不斷的或是有選擇性的行為或者方法。(參見M4U2)

　　It is my usual practice to pay on the nail when going shopping.

　　購物時(shí)我習(xí)慣于當(dāng)場付錢。

　　(3)custom具有habit和practice的一切含義，此外，custom 還包含這樣一層意思：長期而廣泛采用的行為或方法，即風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣，按照某地區(qū)人們共同生活及其行為的準(zhǔn)則或規(guī)范，它不僅有指導(dǎo)意義，而且具有必須遵循的意義。

　　Social customs vary greatly from country to country.

　　國與國之間的社會習(xí)俗有很大差異。

　　Changing social conditions, however, are bringing changes in custom and law.

　　不過，社會的變化正在帶來習(xí)俗和法律的變化。

　　①That proved to be my undoing, for I soon got back to my old bad __________ of dozing off(打瞌睡) in front of the screen.

　　②On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat — the normally accepted __________ in many northern countries.

　　③From the moment of his birth the __________ into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour.

　　①habit　

　　②practice　

　　③customs

　　【7】 limit vt. 限制；減少 n．限制，局限

　　be limited to (doing)…局限于(做)……

　　The noise of your radio must be limited to a level that we all can bear.

　　你收音機(jī)的音量必須控制在我們大家都能忍受的范圍內(nèi)。

　　The teacher limited our club to activities inside the schoolyard, which we all disagreed.

　　老師把我們俱樂部的活動(dòng)限于在校園內(nèi)，這一點(diǎn)我們都不同意。

　　within limit(s) 適當(dāng)?shù)兀凇秶鷥?nèi)

　　I will be willing to help, but within limit.

　　我樂意適當(dāng)?shù)貛湍恪?/p>

　　without limit 無限度地

　　set a limit to…為……設(shè)定一個(gè)界限

　　Shall we set a limit to the times you can be late for a term?

　　我們給你一個(gè)學(xué)期能遲到次數(shù)訂一個(gè)限度，好嗎？

　　There is a limit to………有限度

　　I will help as much as I can do, but there is a limit to what I can do.

　　我會盡力幫忙，但我能做的有限度。

　　limited adj. 有限的

　　Considering the time limit, we shall limit our meeting ______ three problems.

　　A. to discuss

　　B. to discussing

　　C. discussing

　　D. discussed

　　B　limit sth. to (doing)…局限于(做)……

　　【8】辨析build, construct, establish, found

　　(1)build vt. 建造，普通用語，既可以用于具體事物，也可以用于具體概念，后常接up。

　　Rome was not built in a day.

　　羅馬并非一日建成的。

　　(2)construct vt. 建造，正式用語，與build的不同之處在于它往往強(qiáng)調(diào)建設(shè)過程之中的問題，即強(qiáng)調(diào)腦力勞動(dòng)。

　　The story is skillfully constructed.

　　故事的構(gòu)思相當(dāng)巧妙。

　　(3)establish vt. 創(chuàng)立，建立，與found是同義詞，但它不但指打下了基礎(chǔ)，而且使某物誕生并且能延續(xù)下去，后多跟抽象名詞或機(jī)構(gòu)名。

　　Our university was established in 1963.

　　我們大學(xué)始建于1963年。

　　(4)found vt. 建立，含有基礎(chǔ)牢固的意思。

　　The pilgrims founded a colony in Plymouth.

　　清教徒們在普利茅斯建立了一個(gè)殖民地。

　　用以上單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空

　　①We're working hard __________ China into a prosperous and powerful socialist country.

　　②Mao Zedong and his partners __________ the theory of Mao Zedong‘s Thoughts in the process of Chinese Revolution.

　　③This factory was __________ by our company.

　　④The government wants to __________ the school as an example for all the schools in the local area.

　　⑤By 1909, Picasso had ______ himself as a painter of great talent in Paris.

　　A. made

　　B. recognized

　　C. admitted

　　D. established

　　①to build　

　　②constructed　

　　③founded

　　④establish

　　⑤D　establish oneself as…“確立……的地位”。句子意思是“直到1909年畢加索才在巴黎確立了天才畫家的地位”。A項(xiàng)“使……成為”；B項(xiàng)“承認(rèn)、認(rèn)出”；C項(xiàng)“承認(rèn)”。

　　【9】conclude v．完成，結(jié)束，下結(jié)論

　　The report concluded that the cheapest option was to close the laboratory.

　　這份報(bào)告認(rèn)為代價(jià)最低廉的選擇是關(guān)閉實(shí)驗(yàn)室。

　　The dancing party concluded with the music “Going Home”．

　　舞會以《回家》的音樂結(jié)束。

　　to conclude 最后，總之

　　conclude one's research 完成研究

　　conclude an argument 結(jié)束爭辯

　　conclude from sth. that… 從某事中得出結(jié)論

　　conclusion n. 結(jié)論，結(jié)束

　　make/draw/come to/arrive at/reach a conclusion 得出結(jié)論

　　in conclusion 總而言之

　　form one's own

　　conclusion 得出自己的結(jié)論

　　用來對前文進(jìn)行總結(jié)的詞除了to conclude外還有to sum up, to summarize, in a word, in one word, in summary, all in all, in brief等。

　　①__________________________________ they were not in favour of the plan.

　　他從他們的話語中推斷出他們不贊同此項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。

　　②____________________________ Stravinsky's “Rite of Spring”．

　　演出節(jié)目以斯特拉文斯基的《春之祭》結(jié)束。

　　③I've ________________________ he's not the right person for the job.

　　我斷定他不適合做這項(xiàng)工作。

　　① He concluded from their remarks that

　　②The programme concluded with

　　③come to the conclusion that

　　【10】 urge v. 敦促，催促

　　urge sb. to do sth.＝urge sb. into doing sth.

　　慫恿某人做某事；力勸，敦促某人做某事

　　urge sth. on/upon sb. 向某人極力陳述某事，大力推薦

　　urge on/onward/forward 推進(jìn)；驅(qū)策

　　urge against 極力反對

　　urge doing sth. 主張做某事

　　urge that sb. (should) do sth. 主張某人做……

　　It is/was urged that sb./sth.(should) do…有人主張……

　　urge sb. on 鼓勵(lì)，激勵(lì)，為某人加油

　　urgent adj. 緊急的，緊迫的，急切的

　　The teacher urged that all children be taken away from the spot.

　　老師主張把所有的兒童帶離現(xiàn)場。

　　The government urged the public to move to the higher places in case of a hurricane.

　　政府催促公眾搬到高地去，以防颶風(fēng)到來。

　　①The report urged that all children ____________________.

　　這份報(bào)告呼吁教所有的兒童游泳。

　　②He __________ his horse __________.

　　他策馬前行。

　　③She could hear him __________________ as she ran past.

　　她跑過他面前時(shí)，聽到他在為她加油。

　　①be taught to swim　

　　②urged; forward