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2024屆高考英語基礎知識講解與訓練:構詞法

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2024屆高考英語基礎知識講解與訓練:構詞法

  基礎知識 構詞法的講解與訓練

  構詞法

  知識要點

  英語構詞方法主要有三種:即合成法、派生法derivation )和轉化法。

  1合成法:將兩個或兩個以上的單詞合成在一起而構成的新詞,叫做合成詞。:snow-white 雪白的day-long 整天的

  2. 派生法:所謂派生,即在詞根上加前綴或后綴構成另一個與原意略有變化或截然相反的詞。例:discover 發現disagree 不同意的nation→national 民族的,國家的;nature→natural 自然的treatment 治療development 開發展

  轉化法:英語單詞的詞性非常活躍,名詞用作動詞,動詞轉化為名詞,形容詞用作動詞等現象非常普遍,這種把一種詞性用作另一種詞性的方式就叫做詞性的轉化。:

  有大量動詞可以轉化為名詞,有時意思沒變化。

  ? Let me have a try. 讓我試一試。

  名詞轉化為動詞

  ?

  Have you booked your ticket?? 你的票訂好了嗎?

  一些表示某類人的名詞也可做動詞

  ?

  If so,we shall be badly fooled. 如果這樣我們就會上大當。

  形容詞轉化為動詞

  ?

  The train slowed down to half its speed.? 火車速度減慢了一半。

  疑難突破

  ?1、合成法

  ?? (1)合成形容詞

  名詞+現在分詞??? 例:English-speaking 講英語的,south-facing 朝南的

  名詞+過去分詞??? 例:man-made 人造的,water-covered 被水覆蓋的

  名詞+形容詞????? 例:snow-white 雪白的,day-long 整天的

  形容詞+名詞+-ed? 例:warm-hearted 熱情的,kind-hearted 好心腸的

  形容詞/副詞+現在分詞? 例:good-looking 好看的?funny-looking 滑稽的

  副詞+過去分詞??? 例:well-known 出名的, deep-set(眼睛)深陷的

  副詞/形容詞+名詞?例:right-hand 右手的,full-time 專職的

  數詞+名詞????????例:100-meter 100米的,million-pound 百萬英鎊的

  數詞+名詞+形容詞 例:180-foot-high 180英寸高的,10-year-old 10歲的

  數詞+名詞+-ed????例:four-footed/legged 四腳的,one-eyed 獨眼龍的?

  ? (2)合成名詞

  名詞+名詞??????? 例:weekend 周末,classroom 教室,bookshop 書店

  形容詞/介詞+名詞 例:gentleman 紳士,loudspeaker 揚聲器

  動詞+名詞????????例:typewriter 打字機,cookbook 烹調書

  名詞+動詞??????? 例:daybreak 破曉,toothpick 牙簽

  動詞-ing形式+名詞 例:reading-room 閱覽室,sleeping-car 臥車車廂

  副詞+動詞????????例:outbreak 爆發,downpour 傾盆大雨

  名詞+動名詞????? 例:handwriting 筆跡,sun-bathing 日光浴

  名詞+in/to+名詞?例:mother-in-law 岳母,brother-in-law 姐夫

  ? (3)合成動詞

  副詞+動詞??????? 例:overthrow 推翻,understand 理解

  形容詞+動詞??????例:broadcast 廣播,whitewash 粉刷

  名詞+動詞??????? 例:typewrite 打字,sleepwalk 夢游

  ? (4)合成副詞

  介詞+名詞??????? 例:underfoot 腳下,beforehand 事先

  形容詞+名詞????? 例:hotfoot 匆忙地,someday 有朝一日

  形容詞+副詞??????例:anywhere 任何地方,outwards 向外、

 ?。?)合成介詞:within在之內,without沒有,inside在里邊,into進入?

 ?。?)合成代詞:myself我自己,ourselves我們自己,anyone任何人,nobody沒有人nothing沒東西,somebody有人。

  ?2派生法

  ? 前綴? 前綴通常只改變詞義,不改變詞性。

  ?? 表示否定的前綴

  ? un-? 構成反義詞,表示“不”? 例:unfit 不合適的,unhappy 不高興的

  ? dis-?構成反義詞,表示“不”??例:discover 發現,disagree 不同意的

  ? in-/im-?構成反義詞,表示“不”,用于以c,b,m,p等開頭的詞。

  ??? ???例:impossible?不可能的,imcorrect 不正確的

  ? ir-???構成反義詞,表示“不”,用于以r開頭的單詞? 例:irregular 不規則的

  ??il-? 構成反義詞,表示“不”,用于以l開頭的單詞??例:illegal 不合法的

  ? mis-??構成反義詞,表示“錯誤”? 例:mistake 錯誤,misuse 錯用

  ? non-? 構成反義詞,表示“不”? 例:non-stop 不停的,non-smoker 非吸煙者

  常用英語前綴

  a-使,離,向??awake搖醒,apart使分離,

  ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,al-向,加強:accord依照,affect影響

  anti-反,防止:antitank反坦克,antiJapanese 抗日,anticlockwise逆時針

  auto-自,自動:automation自動化,autobiograph 自傳

  kilo- 千:kilometres,kilowatt,kilograms,

  micro- 微:microbe 微生物

  mini- 微?。簃inibus 小巴,miskirt超短裙,minister 大臣部長

  non- 不,非:non-party 無黨派的,non-stop 不間斷,

  over- 超出,反轉:overweight 超重,overthrow 推翻

  per- 貫通,遍及:perform完成,perfect 完美

  post- 在后:postwar 戰后,postern 后門

  pre- 在前:preface 前言,

  pro- 向前,擁護:prologue 序言,pro-American 親美的

  re- 重復,相反:recall 回憶,react 反應

  se- 分離:separate 使分離,select 選出

  sur- 超,外加:surface 表面,surtax 附加稅,

  tele- 遠:television 電視

  un- 否定:unfair 不公平的

  up- 向上:upset推翻,upstairs 在樓上

  uni- 單一:united聯合的,unit 單位

  3)其他意義的前綴:

  ? re-? 表示“再;又;重”,re-多重讀,構成雙重讀詞。? 例:rewrite 重寫

  ? a-? 表示“的”,多構成表語形容詞。? 例:alone 單獨的,alike 相像的

  ? tele-? 表示“遠程的”。? 例:telephone 電話,television 電視

  ? en-? 表示“使”,構成動詞。? 例:enlarge 擴大,enable 使能夠

  ? inter-? 表示“關系”。? 例:Internet ?因特網 international 國際的

  ?? (2)后綴

  ? 后綴通常改變詞性,構成意思相近的其它詞性的詞;少數后綴同時會改變詞義。

  形容詞性后綴:

  ? -al? 例:nation→national 民族的,國家的;nature→natural 自然的

  ? -able? 表示“有能力的”? 例:eat→eatable 能吃的

  ? -an/ian? 表示“國家的,國家人的”。?例:America→American 美國(人)的

  ? -ern? 表示“方向的”。?例:east→eastern?東方的,south→southern南方的

  ? -ful? 例:beauty→beautiful 美麗的,care→careful 小心的

  ? -less? 表示否定? 例:care→careless?粗心的,use→useless 無用的

  ? -ic/ical? 例:electricity→electric/electrical 電的

  ? -ese? 表示“人的”。? 例:China→Chinese 中國(人)的

  ? -ly? 例:friend→friendly 友好的,year→yearly 每年的

  ? -y? 表示“天氣”等。? 例:cloud→cloudy 多云的,dust→dusty 多塵的

  ? -ous? 例:famous 著名的,continuous 連續不斷的

  ? -ish??例:childish 孩子氣的,selfish 自私的

  ? -en? 例:golden 金色的,wooden 木制的,woolen 羊毛的

  ? -ive? 例:active 積極的,collective 集體的?

  ? 2)動詞后綴:

  ? -fy? 例:beauty→beautify 美化

  ? -en? 例:wide→widen 加寬,sharp→sharpen?削?,loose→loosen 使松散

  ? 3)副詞后綴

  ? -ly? 例:bad→badly 壞地,easy→easily 容易地

  ? -ward? 表示“方向”。? 例:backward 向后,eastward 向東

  ? 名詞后綴:

  ? -ment? 例:agree→agreement?協議,move→movement 運動

  ? -ness? 例:happy→happiness 幸福,busy→business 事務

  ? -tion? 例:explain→explanation 解釋,dictate→dictation 聽寫

  ? -er? 表示“人”。? 例:work→worker 工人,buy→buyer 買主

  ? -or? 表示“人”。? 例:act→actor 演員,sail→sailor 海員

  ? -ist?表示“人”。例:piano→pianist 鋼琴家,science→scientist 科學家

  ? -ess? 表示“人或動物”,指陰性。? 例:actress 女演員,lioness 母獅子

  ? -ful? 表示“量”。? 例:mouthful 一口,handful 一把

  ? -th? 例:true→truth 真理,long→length 長度

  ?

  數詞后綴

  ? -teen? 構成“十幾”。? 例:five→fifteen 十五

  ? -ty? 構成“幾十”。? 例:nine→ninty 九十,five→fifty 五十

  ? -th? 構成序數詞。? 例:five→fifth 第五,six→sixth 第六

  3轉化法

  ? (1)動詞轉化為名詞例:

  ? ry vt→try n.

  ?

  Swim游泳 vi→.swim游泳 n.

  ? (2)名詞轉化為動詞例:

  ?

  ?

  seat座位

  n. →seat使就做 vt.

  ?(3)形容詞轉化為動詞例:

  ? 有少數形容詞也可以用作動詞。

  ?slow slow使減慢vt.

  ?

  warm溫暖的a.→ warm 使溫暖 vt.

  ?

  即學即練

  1. That man was ________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.

  A. care   

  B. careful

  C. careless

  D. carelessness

  2. The soldier died for saving the child,so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai.

  A. die

  B. dead

  C. died

  D. death

  3. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a ________.

  A. chemistry

  B. Chemical

  C. chemist

  D. physician

  4.The three- ________chair isn’t suitable for a young child. He may fall off.

  A. legging

  B. legged

  C. legs

  D. leged

  5.Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world.

  A. lead

  B. leader

  C. leading

  D. leadership

  6.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem,Jack looked________about at his classmates.

  A. proud

  B. proudly

  C. pride

  D. pridely

  7.To everyone’s ________,the girl finished the job quite well.

  A. satisfied

  B. Satisfactory

  C. satisfying

  D. satisfaction

  8.(2024·廣西賀州) 綜合填空。

  閱讀下面短文,根據上下文及所給的首字母,填入一個合適的詞,使短文意思完整。并將完整的單詞寫在答題卷上。

  Bill lives in a very far village. He knows l 86

  about the outside world because he hardly ever gets our of his village.

  One day, he got a radio f _87

  his uncle who lives in the city. He was very excited and s _88

  the radio to all his friends.

  “Great!” Sheela, one of his friends, said. “Could you please get one for me, too?” another friend Mashi asked. Of course Bill felt very proud o _89

  the radio.

  However, the radio stopped w _90

  only a few days later. Bill was very sad but didn’t know w _91

  to do. A friend of his told h_92

  to go to the repair shop in town. So he did. The man in the shop f _93_ two dead cockroach(蟑螂) in the radio.

  Bill started crying. The man, of course, was surprised, “W94

  are you crying, my boy?” Bill cried said, “Because the two singer died in my radio. How am I going to listen to nice s_95_ ?”

  直擊高考

  1.(2024廣東)

  閱讀下面短文,按照句子結構的語法性和上下文連貫的要求,在空格處填入一個適當的詞或者用括號中詞語的正確形式填空,并將答案填寫在答題卡標號為16~25的相應位置上。

  One day, Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen. Suddenly, he ____16____(find) that he has run out of salt. So Nick called to his son, “Go to the village and buy some salt, but pay a fair price for it: neither too much ____17____too little.”

  His son looked surprised. “I can understand why I shouldn’t pay too much, Father, but if I can pay less, ____18____not save a bit of money?”

  “That would be a very ____19____(reason) thing to do in a big city, but it could destroy a small village like ours,” Nick said.

  Nick’s guests, ____20____had heard their conversation, asked why they should not buy salt more cheaply if they could. Nick replied, “The only reason a man would sell salt ____21____a lower price would be because he was desperate for money. And anyone who took advantage of that situation would be showing a lack of respect ____22____the sweat and struggle of the man who worked very hard to produce it.”

  “But such a small thing couldn’t ____23____(possible) destroy a village.”

  “In the beginning, there was only ____24____very small amount of unfairness in the world, but everyone added a little, always ____25____(think) that it was only small and not very important, and look where we have ended up today.”

  2.(2024·上海卷)Section B

  Directions:

  Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

  As infants, we can recognize our mothers within hours of birth. In fact, we can recognize the

  41

  of our mother’s face well before we can recognize her body shape. It’s

  42

  how the brain can carry out such a function at such a young age, especially since we don’t learn to walk and talk until we are over a year old. By the time we are adults, we have the ability to distinguish around 100,000 faces. How can we remember so many faces when many of us find it difficult to

  43

  such a simple thing as a phone number? The exact process is not yet fully understood, but research around the world has begun to define the specific areas of the brain and processes

  44

  for facial recognition.

  Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology believe that they have succeeded in

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