2024屆高考英語一輪語法專題復習學案:第2部分 專題5 形容詞和副詞(新人教版)
1.形容詞和副詞的作用與位置
形容詞是用來修飾名詞的,常被放在名詞前作定語,或放在系動詞后面作表語。而副詞則用來修飾形容詞、動詞、其他副詞或者句子,一般位于形容詞之前,動詞之后或句子之首。以下屬幾種特殊情況,須牢記:
(1)形容詞短語作定語,須后置。
a task difficult to finish
(2)表語形容詞(afraid,alike,alone,asleep,awake,alive等)作定語,須后置,如a man alive。有些表身體健康狀況的形容詞如well,faint,ill只作表語;sick既可作表語又可作定語。ill如果不是表示身體或精神上“不適的”“不健康的”“有病的”等,而是表示類似bad(不好的)的意思,則通常只作定語。
He’s been ill since then.
By ill luck,my flight had been cancelled.
(3)形容詞用作定語,修飾由不定代詞one,no,any,some和every構成的復合詞如anything,something等時,通常后置。
I have something important to tell you.
(4)else常用作疑問代詞和不定代詞的后置定語。
(5)enough修飾名詞前置或后置;修飾形容詞、動詞或副詞時,必須后置。
(6)幾個副詞并列作狀語時,其順序較靈活,但一般是:方式→地點→時間。
We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.
(7)頻度副詞如often,always,usually等在be動詞后,行為動詞前。
(8)副詞作定語,須后置。
The person there is waiting for you.
(9)幾個并列的形容詞作定語,其語序通常為:限定詞(包括冠詞、所有格、人稱代詞、指示代詞、數詞等)+觀點詞(品質、狀態,即表示好、壞、美、丑等的詞)+形狀或樣式詞+大小、長短或高低詞+年齡或新舊詞+顏色詞+產地或來源詞+材料或種類詞+用途詞+名詞。
a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella
(10)以-ly結尾的詞性辨析。
①下列單詞以-ly結尾,但卻是形容詞而非副詞:lively,lonely,lovely,deadly,friendly,ugly,silly,likely,brotherly,timely等。
②表原意(無-ly)和引申意(有-ly)的副詞:
③有無-ly意義大不相同的副詞:
2.形容詞和副詞的比較等級
(1)原級的構成和用法。
構成:形容詞、副詞的原級即本身。
用法:表示雙方在程度、性質、特征等某方面相等時,用“as+原級形容詞/副詞+as”的結構;表示雙方不相等時,用“not so(as)+原級形容詞/副詞+as”的結構;表示一方是另一方的若干倍時,用“倍數+as+原級形容詞/副詞+as”的結構。
Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu.
This building looks not so(as) high as that one.
Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you.
This room is three times as large as that one.
(2)比較級和最高級的構成。
掌握比較級和最高級的變化規則,熟記少數不符合規則的特殊形容詞和副詞。
(3)比較級的用法。
①表示一方超過另一方時,用“比較級+than”的結構表示。
This picture is more beautiful than that one.
②表示一方不及另一方時,用“less+原級+than”的結構表示。
This room is less beautiful than that one.
③表示一方超過另一方的程度或數量時,可在比較級前加表示程度的狀語,如even,a lot,a bit,a little,still,much,far,yet,by far等修飾。
He works even harder than before.
注意:(A)英語的比較級前如無even,still或yet等時,譯成漢語時可用“較”或“……一些”或不譯出,一般不可用“更”。
She is better than she was yesterday.
Please come earlier tomorrow.
(B)by far通常用于強調最高級。用于比較級時,一般放在比較級的后面,如在前面,應在二者中間加“the”。
He is taller by far than his brother.
He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
④表示一方隨另一方的程度而變化時,用“the+比較級(主語+謂語),the+比較級(主語+謂語)”的結構(意為“越……越……”)。
The harder he works,the happier he feels.
⑤不與其他事物相比,表示本身程度的改變時,用“比較級+and+比較級”的結構。
The weather is getting colder and colder.
⑥某些以-ior結尾的形容詞進行比較時,用to代替than。這些詞有inferior(劣等的,次的),superior(較好的,優于……),junior(資歷較淺的),senior(資格較老的),prior(在……之前)等。
He is superior to Mr.Zhang in chemistry.
⑦在比較從句中為了避免重復,我們通常用that(those),one(ones)代替前面出現的名詞。that指物,one既可指人又可指物。that可代替可數名詞單數和不可數名詞,而one只能代替可數名詞。
The book on the table is more interesting than that(或the one) on the desk.
A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood.
⑧倍數表達法。
(A)A is three(four,etc.) times the size(height,length,etc.) of B.
The new building is four times the size (the height) of the old one.
(B)A is three(four,etc.) times as big(high,long,etc.) as B.
Asia is four times as large as Europe.
(C)A is three(four,etc.) times bigger(higher,longer,etc.) than B.
Your school is three times bigger than ours.
注意:用times 表倍數通常用于三倍以上,兩倍可以用twice或double。
(4)最高級的用法。
①三者或三者以上相比,表示最高程度時,用“the+最高級”的結構表示。這種句式一般常有表示比較范圍的介詞短語。
Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.
He works (the) hardest in his class.
②最高級可被序數詞以及much,by far,nearly,almost,by no means,not quite,not really,nothing like等詞語所修飾。
This hat is by far/much/nearly/almost/not really/by no means/not quite/nothing like the biggest.
③表示“最高程度”的形容詞,如excellent,extreme,perfect等,沒有最高級,也不能用比較級。
④形容詞最高級修飾作表語或介詞賓語的名詞、代詞時,被修飾的詞往往省略。
He is the tallest (boy) in his class.
⑤作狀語的副詞最高級前可以不加定冠詞。
Of all the boys he came (the) earliest.
⑥否定詞+比較級=最高級
He has never spent a more worrying day.
(5)形容詞和副詞前面使用冠詞的情況。
①形容詞最高級前一般要加定冠詞,副詞最高級前可不加冠詞。
②形容詞最高級前有時加不定冠詞,或不加冠詞,不表比較,表示“非常”。
He is a most clever young policeman.(a most=very)
The film is most interesting.(most=very)
③表示兩者間“較……的一個”,比較級前加the。
Who is the older of the two boys?
④在“the+比較級...,the+比較級...”結構中,可用省略形式。
The more,the better.
(6)由as組成的形容詞或副詞短語。
①as much as+不可數名詞 數量多達……
Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons.
She could earn as much as 100 dollars a week.
②as many as+可數名詞 數量多達……
I have as many as sixteen reference books.
③as early as早在
As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island.
④as far as遠到;就……而知(論)
We might go as far as(走到) the church and back.
As far as I know(就我所知),he has been there before.
⑤may(might,could) as well不妨,不如
Then you might as well stay with us here.
⑥as...as one can盡某人所能的……
They are as unreliable as they can be.
He began to run,as fast as he could.
⑦as...as possible盡可能……的
Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible.
3.幾組重要的詞語辨析
(1)very和much的區別。
①可分等級的形容詞和副詞前使用very不用much。
②表示狀態的分詞形容詞前用very。如a very frightened boy,a very tired child,a very complicated problem。一般情況下,以-ing,-ed結尾的分詞形容詞多用much,very much/greatly等修飾。
We were greatly shocked by the news about Tom.
I was much amused by Jack’s attitude.
③已轉化為形容詞的現在分詞前用very。如:very interesting/worrying/exciting。
④too前用much,a lot或far,不用very。如:You are much/far/a lot too nice.另外,在too many/much,too few/little前可用far。
There’s far too little opportunity for adventure these days.
We’ve got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups.
⑤關于原級形容詞要記住下列固定的修飾結構:(A)修飾“絕對”意義的形容詞,一般不用very,而用quite,completely,well,entirely。如:quite wrong(mistaken,sure),completely dead,quite impossible,quite perfect等。(B)修飾以a-開頭的形容詞,多有特殊的修飾詞:quite alone,very much alone,wide awake,fast asleep,very much afraid。(C)修飾一些特殊形容詞的修飾語有:be well worth,much the same,freezing cold,quite different,terribly cold/frightening。
(2)so...that...與such...that...的區別。
注意:下列結構中只能用so不可用such,當名詞前有many,much,little,few等表示“多、少”的詞修飾時,如so much progress,so many people,so little food,so few apples等。但當little表示“小”時用such。如:These are such little boys that they can’t dress themselves.下列短語中so的用法是錯誤的:so a difficult problem,so difficult problems,so hot weather。
(3)其他幾組詞的辨析。
①ago,before:ago表示以現在為起點的“以前”;before指以過去或將來的某時刻為起點的“以前”。泛指“以前”用before而不用ago。
②already,yet,still:already表示某事已經發生;yet表示期待某事發生;still表示某事還在進行,主要用于肯定句。
③too,also,either:too和also用于肯定句,too多用于口語,also多用于書面語;either用于否定句。
④good,well:與good不同的是,well作形容詞,只能在系動詞后作表語,表示“身體狀況好”;well還可作副詞修飾動詞。
⑤quick,fast:作形容詞皆表示“快”。fast多指運動的物體,含持續的意思。quick多指一次動作的敏捷、突然,而且持續的時間較短。
⑥real,true:作形容詞皆表示“真的”。real強調真實存在的而不是幻想的,在句中常作定語;true指與事實標準和實際情況相符合,在句中作表語或定語。
⑦hard,difficult:均表示“困難”,但hard通常指體力上困難;difficult則指智力或技能上的困難,困難程度大于hard。它們都可作定語和表語。
◆形容詞和副詞與語法填空
在語法填空中,形容詞和副詞相關的詞類變換以及形容詞和副詞的比較等級考查較為頻繁。
典題試做1
用括號內所給詞的正確形式填空
1.Abercrombie & Kent,a travel company in Hong Kong,says it
(regular) arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong.(2024·全國Ⅰ)
答案 regularly
解析 該詞修飾謂語動詞arrange,故要用其副詞形式。故填regularly。
2.
(lucky),he also had a cow which produced milk every day.(2024·廣東)
答案 Luckily
解析 用副詞形式修飾整個句子且位于句首。故填Luckily。
3.As
(nature) architects,the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.(2024·全國Ⅱ)
答案 natural
解析 修飾名詞architects,故要用形容詞形式。
4.While there are
(amaze) stories of instant transformation,...(2024·新課標全國Ⅰ)
答案 amazing
解析 此處用形容詞修飾名詞stories。amaze的形容詞有兩個,一個是amazing,另一個是amazed。修飾物(stories)當然用amazing。
5.There were many people waiting at the bus stop,and some of them looked very anxious and
(disappoint).(2024·新課標全國Ⅱ)
答案 disappointed
解析 本句的主語是some of them,此處and連接兩個并列成分,再結合前面的形容詞anxious可知,此處也應該填一個形容詞。故此處用disappointed表示“他們中有些人感到失望”。
6.Finally,that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is
(clean) than ever.(2024·新課標全國Ⅰ)
答案 cleaner
解析 從后面的than可知此處要用比較級,因此要用cleaner。
7.After our plane landed,we went to the hotel.We had made our reservation six months
(early),but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake.(2024·廣東)
答案 earlier
解析 由had made可知該動作發生在到達旅館之前,故應該是早在六個月之前我們就已經預訂了,故用比較級earlier。
8.The
(hard) you try to beat him,the more likely you will get hit.(2024·遼寧)
答案 harder
解析 考查固定句式。這里是“the+比較級...,the+比較級...”句式,表示“越……就越……”。故填harder。
應對策略1
1.作表語(系動詞之后)、定語(修飾名詞)或賓語補足語(表性質狀態)時,通常用形容詞形式。注意常考動詞分詞的形容詞化,其形容詞的形式有:-ing結尾的和-ed結尾的兩種。
2.若括號中所給的是形容詞或副詞,有可能考查其比較等級或最高級;注意than或比較級的修飾詞等標志性詞或上下文中暗含的比較;其次還要注意一些特殊句式,如:the+比較級,the+比較級,“否定詞(can’t/couldn’t)+比較級”表示最高級等。
◆形容詞和副詞與短文改錯
短文改錯中對于形容詞和副詞的考查主要涉及詞性混亂或錯用(含-ed形容詞與-ing形容詞)、修飾詞錯用或多余以及比較等級的誤用等方面。
典題試做2
單句改錯(每小題1處錯誤)
1.Lots of studies have shown that global warming has already become a very seriously problem.(2024·全國Ⅰ)
答案 seriously→serious
解析 名詞前應該用形容詞作定語。故seriously應改為serious。
2.Dad and I were terrible worried.(2024·全國Ⅱ)