介詞

I. 要點(diǎn)

1、介詞和種類

(1) 簡(jiǎn)單介詞，常用的有 at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without 等。

(2) 復(fù)合介詞，如 by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of 等。

2、介詞和其他詞類的習(xí)慣搭配關(guān)系

(1) 和動(dòng)詞的搭配，如 agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about 等。

(2) 和形容詞的搭配，如 afraid of, angry with, different from, good at 等。

(3) 和名詞的搭配，如 answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to 等。

3、介詞短語可以有自己的修飾語，這種修飾語通常有 right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely 等少數(shù)幾個(gè)副詞。如：

He came right after dinner.

He lives directly opposite the school.

4、 某些介詞的意義與用法舉例

(1) at, on, in (表時(shí)間)

表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)用 at，如 at four o'clock, at midnight 等；表示不確定的時(shí)間或短期假日也用 at，如 at that time, at Christmas 等。

指某天用 on, 如 on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用 on，如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst 等。

指長(zhǎng)于或短于一天的時(shí)段用 in，如 in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999 等。

(2) between, among (表位置)

between 僅用于二者之間，但說三者或三者以上中的每?jī)蓚€(gè)之間的相互關(guān)系時(shí)，也用 between, 如

I'm sitting between Tom and Alice.

The village lies between three hills.

among 用于三者或三者以上之間。如：

He is the best among the students.

(3) beside, besides

beside 意為在旁邊，而 besides 意為除之外。如：

He sat beside me.

What do you want besides this?

(4) in the tree, on the tree

in the tree 指動(dòng)物或人在樹上，而 on the tree 指果實(shí)、樹葉長(zhǎng)在樹上

(5) on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way

on the way 指在路上 in the way 指擋道

by the way 指順便問一句 in this way 用這樣的方法

(6) in the corner, at the corner

in the corner 指在拐角內(nèi) at the corner 指在拐角外

(7) in the morning, on the morning

in the morning 是一般說法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨

(8) by bus, on the bus

by bus 是一般說法 on the bus 特指乘某一輛車

II. 例題

例1. Do you know any other foreign language ____ English?

A. except B. but C. beside D. besides

解析：A、B兩項(xiàng) except 等于but，意為除了，C-beside 意為在旁邊，不符合題意。而D-besides, 意為除了之外，還有。所以該題正確答案為D。該題意為：除了英語外，你還知道別的語言嗎？

例2. He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night.

A. on B. at C. in D. during

解析：我們均知道，at night 這一短語，但如果night前有修飾詞，表具體的夜晚，則要用介詞 on 來修飾，故該題正確答案為A。

例3. I'm looking forward ____ your letter.

A. to B. in C. at D. on

解析：該題正確答案為A。look forward to 為固定搭配，意為期望、盼望。

連詞

I. 要點(diǎn)

1、 連詞的種類

(1) 并列連詞用來連接并列關(guān)系的詞、短語或分句，如 and, for, or, both and, either or, neither nor 等。

(2) 從屬連詞用來引導(dǎo)從句，如 that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as 等。

除了從屬連詞(引導(dǎo)狀語從句)外，還有其它可以用來引導(dǎo)從句的詞類。它們是連接代詞和連接副詞(引導(dǎo)名詞性從句)，關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞(引導(dǎo)定語從句)。

2、 常用連詞舉例

(1) and 和，并且

They drank and sang all night.

(2) both and 和， 既也

Both my parents and I went there.

(3) but 但是，而

I'm sad, but he is happy.

(4) either or 或或， 要么要么

Either you're wrong, or I am.

(5) for 因?yàn)?/p>

I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.

(6) however 然而，可是

Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.

(7) neither nor 既不也不

Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.

(8) not only but (also) 不但而且

He not only sings well, but also dances well.

(9) or 或者，否則

Hurry up, or you'll be late.

Are you a worker or a doctor?

(10) so 因此，所以

It's getting late, so I must go.

(11) although 雖然

Although it was late, they went on working.

(12) as soon as 一就

I'll tell him as soon as I see him.

(13) because 因?yàn)?/p>

He didn't go to school, because he was ill.

(14) unless 除非，如果不

I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.

(15) until 直到

He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬間動(dòng)詞用于 not until 結(jié)構(gòu))

He stayed there until eleven.

(16) while 當(dāng)時(shí)候，而 (表示對(duì)比)

While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while 后不可用瞬間動(dòng)詞)

My pen is red while his is blue.

(17) for 因?yàn)?/p>

He was ill, for he didn't come. (結(jié)論是推斷出來的)

(18)s ince 自從

I have lived here since my uncle left.

(19) hardly when 一 就

I had hardly got to the station when the train left.

(20) as far as 就 來說

As far as I know, that country is very small.

You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里)

II. 例題

例1. John plays football ____, if not better than, David.

A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as

解析：該題意為：John 踢足球如果不比 David 好的話，那也踢得和 David 一樣好。 和一樣好為 as well as. 故該題正確答案為B.

例2. She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.

A. when B. where C. which D. while

解析：該處意為然而，只有 while 有此意思，故選D。

例3. Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?

A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise

解析：該處意為或者，正確答案為C。

動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)

I. 要點(diǎn)

1、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

(1) 表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)在存在的狀態(tài)，常與 sometimes, always, often, every day 等時(shí)間狀語連用。如：Sometimes, we go swimming after school.

(2) 表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)等。如：The earth goes round the sun.

2、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

(1) 表示說話時(shí)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常與 now, at present 等時(shí)間狀語連用。如：

What are you doing now?

(2) 和 always, continually 等連用，表一種經(jīng)常反復(fù)的動(dòng)作，常含有某種情感。如：

He is always doing good deeds.

3、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

主要表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響，或動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去，常與just, already, so far, once, never 等詞連用。如：Have you ever been to Beijing?

4、一般將來時(shí)

表示將來某一時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與 tomorrow, next year 等連用。如：

I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.

We're going to see a film next Monday.

5、一般過去時(shí)

表示在過去某一時(shí)間或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與 yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago 等詞連用。如：It happened many years ago.

6、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一時(shí)期正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：

What were you doing this time yesterday?

7、過去完成時(shí)

表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作。如：

The train had already left before we arrived.

8、一般過去將來時(shí)

表示說話人從過去的角度來看將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：

He said he would come, but he didn't.

9、被動(dòng)語態(tài) 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)，以 give 為例。

時(shí)／式 　一般 進(jìn)行 完成

現(xiàn)在 am is 　given are am is 　being are has 　been given have

過去 was 　given were was being given were had been given

將來 shall 　be given will shall 　have been given will

過去將來 should 　be given would should 　have been given would

II. 例題

例1. I learned that her father ____ in 1950.

A. had died B. died C. dead D. is dead

解析：該題正確答案為B。從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作雖然發(fā)生在主句謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前，但因從句中有明確的過去時(shí)間狀語in 1950, 所以不用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)，而用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。

例2. The five-year-old girl ____ by her parents.

A. is looked B. has looked for

C. is being looked for D. has been looked

解析：該題正確答案為C。在帶有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)句中，介詞不能省，否則就變成了不及物動(dòng)詞短語，而不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子中。

短語動(dòng)詞

I. 要點(diǎn)

英語中有許多短語動(dòng)詞在意義上是一個(gè)整體，其用法有的相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞，有的相當(dāng)于不及物動(dòng)詞，有的兼有及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的特征。英語短語動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成主要有以下六種：

(1) 動(dòng)詞＋介詞

常見的有 look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to 等。這類短語動(dòng)詞的賓語只能放在介詞后。如：

Don't laugh at others.

I didn't care about it.

(2) 動(dòng)詞＋副詞

常見的有 give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out 等。這類短語動(dòng)詞的賓語如果是名詞，既可放在副詞前邊，又可放在副詞后邊；賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則要放在副詞前邊。如：You'll hand in your homework tomorrow.

Please don't forget to hand it in.

(3) 動(dòng)詞＋副詞＋介詞

常見的有 look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with 等。這類短語動(dòng)詞的賓語只能放在介詞后邊。如：

All his money added up to no more than $100.

After a short rest, he went on with his research work.

(4) 動(dòng)詞＋名詞＋介詞

常見的有 take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。這類短語動(dòng)詞的賓語只能放在介詞后邊。如：You should pay attention to your handwriting.

We should make full use of our time.

(5) 動(dòng)詞＋形容詞

常見的有 leave open, set free, cut open 等。這類短語動(dòng)詞的賓語如果是名詞，則賓語可放在形容詞的前邊，也可放在后邊；賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則必須放在形容詞前邊。如：

The prisoners were set free.

He cut it open.

(6) 動(dòng)詞＋名詞

常見的有 take place, make friends 等。這類短語動(dòng)詞用作不及物動(dòng)詞。如：

This story took place three years ago.

I make friends with a lot of people.

(7) 辨析

give away(讓給，暴露) 和 give up(放棄，停止)

put away(放起，收起) 和 put out (撲滅)

turn up(出席，放大) 和 turn on (打開)

keep out(阻止) 和 keep off (不讓靠近)

make up(編造，補(bǔ)上) 和 make out(辨認(rèn))

take off(脫，起飛) 和 take out(拿出)

II. 例題

例1. It is wise to have some money ____ for old age.

A put away B kept up C given away D laid up

解析：該題正確 uot；give away 意為分發(fā)；lay up貯藏。

例2. Here's my card. Let's keep in ____.

A. touch B. relation C. connection D. friendship

解析：該題正確答案為A. keep in touch為短語動(dòng)詞，意為保持聯(lián)系。

例3. ____! There's a train coming.

A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on

解析：該題選A. look out 意為小心。

動(dòng)詞不定式

I. 要點(diǎn)

1、 不定式的形式。以動(dòng)詞 write 為例。

式｜語態(tài) 主動(dòng)語態(tài) 被動(dòng)語態(tài)

一般式 to write to be written

完成式 to have written to have been written

進(jìn)行式 to be writing

完成進(jìn)行式 to have been writing

2、 不定式的句法功能

(1) 作主語

To hear from you is nice.

To be a good teacher is not easy.

不定式作主語時(shí)，為了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主語，而不定式置于謂語動(dòng)詞后。如：It's nice to hear from you.

It's not easy to be a good teacher.

(2) 作賓語

通常用于 want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help 等詞后。如：I forgot to lock the door.

Please remember to write to me.

(3) 作表語

My job is to pick up letters.

He seemed to have heard nothing.

(4) 作定語

不定式作定語時(shí)，須放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞后。如：

I have two letters to write.

I have a lot of work to do.

(5) 作賓補(bǔ)

通常用于 want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force 等詞后。如：

He ordered her to leave at once.

He was forced to obey his order.

(6) 作狀語

He got up early to catch the first bus.

He worked hard to catch up with the other students.

(7) 作獨(dú)立成分

To tell you the truth, I told a lie.

(8)疑問詞＋不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。 如：

I don't know how to choose them.

I cannot decide where to go.

(9) 不定式的否定式。如：

I decided not to go.

(10) 不定式的完成式。如：

He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in.

The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.

(11) too to 結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

He was too excited to go to sleep.

He was only too glad to go. (他太高興了，樂意去。)

(12) 主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。如：

The book is easy to read.

I have a book to read.

II. 例題

例1. I haven't got a chair ____.

A. to sit B. for to sit on C. to sit on D. for sitting

解析：該題選C。不定式 to sit on 在句中作定語，修飾名詞 chair. 因?yàn)椴欢ㄊ胶退揎椀拿~間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以不定式必須是及物動(dòng)詞，故此處 on 不能省略。

例2. He was made ____. A. go B. gone C. going D. to go

解析：該題選D。make sb. do sth. 如果是被動(dòng)形式，不定式 do 前的 to 不能省略。