非謂語動(dòng)詞

　　 (二)-ing形式:動(dòng)詞的-ing形式也是一種非謂語動(dòng)詞。-ing形式仍保留有動(dòng)詞的特征,可以帶有其所需要的賓語或狀語而構(gòu)成-ing短語。

　　 1、-ing的形式:-ing有一般式和完成式。及物動(dòng)詞的-ing還有主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài),而不及物動(dòng)詞的-ing則沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。現(xiàn)在以及物動(dòng)詞make 和不及物動(dòng)詞go為例,將其-ing各種形式列表如下:

　　 動(dòng)詞 語態(tài)

　　 形式 及物動(dòng)詞make 不及物動(dòng)詞go

　　 主動(dòng)語態(tài) 被動(dòng)語態(tài) 主動(dòng)語態(tài)

　　 一般式 making being made going

　　 完成式 having made having been made having gone

　　 2、-ing形式的基本用法。

　　 (1)作主語:Seeing is believing.百聞不如一見。Talking is easier than doing. -ing作主語時(shí),如果其結(jié)構(gòu)較長,可用it作形式主語,而將作主語的-ing后置。如:It isn't much good writing to them again. It's no use waiting here.

　　 (2)作表語:Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps.

　　 (3)作賓語:①作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語。She likes drawing very much.;②作某些短語動(dòng)詞的賓語。 Mary is thinking of going back to New York.;③ do+限定詞(my, some, any, the等)+ -ing,表示做事之意,如:We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Will you do any shopping on Saturday this afternoon? ④作介詞的賓語:Her sister is good at learning physics.;⑤作形容詞worth, busy等的賓語:This book is well worth reading. -ing作賓語帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),要用it作為形式賓語,而將作賓語的-ing后置,如:We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it necessary trying again?

　　 (4)作定語:The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you know the man standing at the gate? 注:-ing形式作定語用時(shí),如果-ing只是一個(gè)單詞,就位于其修飾的名詞之前,如果是-ing短語,就位于其修飾的名詞之后,-ing作定語時(shí),被-ing所修飾的名詞就是該-ing的邏輯主語。另外,-ing作定語用時(shí),其動(dòng)作和句子謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作是同時(shí)進(jìn)行的,如果不是同時(shí)進(jìn)行的,就不能用-ing作定語,要使用定語從句,如:The girl who wrote a letter there yesterday can speak English very well.

　　 (5)作賓語補(bǔ)足語:We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. 注:當(dāng)-ing在復(fù)合賓語中作賓語補(bǔ)足語用時(shí),句中賓語就是這個(gè)-ing的邏輯主語,可以帶有這種復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。

　　 (6)作狀語:①時(shí)間狀語:Seeing Tom, I couldn't help thinking of his brother. 分詞在句中作時(shí)間狀語時(shí),其前一般可加when或while,如:When crossing street, you must be careful. ②原因狀語:Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday. ③方式或伴隨狀語:Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.

　　 3、主動(dòng)語態(tài)-ing完成式的基本用法。主動(dòng)語態(tài)-ing完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句中謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前,一般在句中作時(shí)間或原因狀語用。句中的主語是它的邏輯主語,并且是它所表示的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,如:Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel.

　　 4、被動(dòng)語態(tài)-ing一般式的基本用法。被動(dòng)語態(tài)-ing一般式所表示的動(dòng)作是一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行中的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作,而且這個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作也是和句中謂語所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的。它一般在句中作定語或狀語用。如:The truck being repaired there is ours.

　　 5、被動(dòng)語態(tài)-ing完成式的基本用法。被動(dòng)語態(tài)-ing完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前,在句中一般作狀語用。如:Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.

　　 6、-ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。在-ing前加物主代詞或名詞所有格即構(gòu)成-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。其中的物主代詞或名詞所有格為-ing的邏輯主語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語、賓語或表語,如:Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health. 但在口語中,這種結(jié)構(gòu)如作賓語用,其中的物主代詞常用人稱代詞的賓格,名詞的所有格常用名詞的普通格代替,如:She insisted on Peter's (or Peter)going there first.

　　 7、-ing形式與動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作主語、表語、賓語時(shí)的區(qū)別。一般說來,表示一個(gè)比較抽象或泛指的動(dòng)作時(shí)多用-ing形式。表示一個(gè)具體某一次的動(dòng)作時(shí),多用動(dòng)詞不定式,如:Our job is making steel. She likes playing the piano, but she doesn't want to play it today.

　　 8、-ing形式與動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作定語的區(qū)別。-ing形式作定語用時(shí),其動(dòng)作一般與句中謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生,而動(dòng)詞不定式作定語時(shí),其動(dòng)作一般發(fā)生在句中謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后。如:The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well./I have three letters to write.

　　 9、-ing形式與動(dòng)詞不定式在作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)的區(qū)別。(1)不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),其動(dòng)作一般發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后,如:I have told them to come again tomorrow.(2)在see, watch, hear, feel等之后,如果用-ing形式作賓補(bǔ),表示其動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行中,而用不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),不定式所表示的動(dòng)作是一個(gè)動(dòng)作的過程,如:I hear her singing in the room.我聽見她正在屋里唱歌。 I hear her sing in the room.我聽見她在屋里唱過歌。

　　 10、-ing形式與動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作狀語的區(qū)別。-ing形式在句作狀語表示時(shí)間、原因、方式或伴隨情況,而動(dòng)詞不定式一般式在句中作狀語時(shí),一般是作目的或結(jié)果狀語,如:Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him again./ I looked into the window to see what was going on inside.

　　 練習(xí)、非謂語動(dòng)詞(二)

　　 1. Alien said that his trip was _______.

　　 A. interested B. interest C. interesting D. of interest

　　 2. We can't understand ______ a decision until it is too late.

　　 A. him to postpone to make B. his postponing to make

　　 C. him to postpone making D. his postponing making

　　 3. I couldn't understand ______ at the poor child.

　　 A. you to laugh B. you laugh C. why laugh D. you laughing

　　 4. It's no use______ with him. You might as well ______ with a stone wall.

　　 A. arguing, argue B. to argue, arguing C. arguing, arguing D. to argue, argue

　　 5. It is no good ______ today's work for tomorrow.

　　 A. to leave B. leaving C. that you leave D. leave

　　 6. The old man's ______ pity on the snake led to his own death.

　　 A. take B. taking C. being taken D. have

　　 7. It's very kind ______ you ______ say so.

　　 A. of, to B. for, to C. to, to D. of, /

　　 8. Some people's greatest pleasure is ______ .

　　 A. fishing B. to fish C. to be fish D. being fishing

　　 9. Remember ______ the book, when you have finished it.

　　 A. putting back B. having put back C. to put back D. will put back

　　 10. You didn't hear us come back last night. That's good. We tried ______ noisy.

　　 A. to not be B. not to be C. being not D. not being

　　 1~5 CDDAB 6~10 BAACB

　　非謂語動(dòng)詞

　　 (二)-ing形式:動(dòng)詞的-ing形式也是一種非謂語動(dòng)詞。-ing形式仍保留有動(dòng)詞的特征,可以帶有其所需要的賓語或狀語而構(gòu)成-ing短語。

　　 1、-ing的形式:-ing有一般式和完成式。及物動(dòng)詞的-ing還有主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài),而不及物動(dòng)詞的-ing則沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。現(xiàn)在以及物動(dòng)詞make 和不及物動(dòng)詞go為例,將其-ing各種形式列表如下:

　　 動(dòng)詞 語態(tài)

　　 形式 及物動(dòng)詞make 不及物動(dòng)詞go

　　 主動(dòng)語態(tài) 被動(dòng)語態(tài) 主動(dòng)語態(tài)

　　 一般式 making being made going

　　 完成式 having made having been made having gone

　　 2、-ing形式的基本用法。

　　 (1)作主語:Seeing is believing.百聞不如一見。Talking is easier than doing. -ing作主語時(shí),如果其結(jié)構(gòu)較長,可用it作形式主語,而將作主語的-ing后置。如:It isn't much good writing to them again. It's no use waiting here.

　　 (2)作表語:Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps.

　　 (3)作賓語:①作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語。She likes drawing very much.;②作某些短語動(dòng)詞的賓語。 Mary is thinking of going back to New York.;③ do+限定詞(my, some, any, the等)+ -ing,表示做事之意,如:We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Will you do any shopping on Saturday this afternoon? ④作介詞的賓語:Her sister is good at learning physics.;⑤作形容詞worth, busy等的賓語:This book is well worth reading. -ing作賓語帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),要用it作為形式賓語,而將作賓語的-ing后置,如:We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it necessary trying again?

　　 (4)作定語:The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you know the man standing at the gate? 注:-ing形式作定語用時(shí),如果-ing只是一個(gè)單詞,就位于其修飾的名詞之前,如果是-ing短語,就位于其修飾的名詞之后,-ing作定語時(shí),被-ing所修飾的名詞就是該-ing的邏輯主語。另外,-ing作定語用時(shí),其動(dòng)作和句子謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作是同時(shí)進(jìn)行的,如果不是同時(shí)進(jìn)行的,就不能用-ing作定語,要使用定語從句,如:The girl who wrote a letter there yesterday can speak English very well.

　　 (5)作賓語補(bǔ)足語:We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. 注:當(dāng)-ing在復(fù)合賓語中作賓語補(bǔ)足語用時(shí),句中賓語就是這個(gè)-ing的邏輯主語,可以帶有這種復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。

　　 (6)作狀語:①時(shí)間狀語:Seeing Tom, I couldn't help thinking of his brother. 分詞在句中作時(shí)間狀語時(shí),其前一般可加when或while,如:When crossing street, you must be careful. ②原因狀語:Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday. ③方式或伴隨狀語:Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.

　　 3、主動(dòng)語態(tài)-ing完成式的基本用法。主動(dòng)語態(tài)-ing完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句中謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前,一般在句中作時(shí)間或原因狀語用。句中的主語是它的邏輯主語,并且是它所表示的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,如:Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel.

　　 4、被動(dòng)語態(tài)-ing一般式的基本用法。被動(dòng)語態(tài)-ing一般式所表示的動(dòng)作是一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行中的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作,而且這個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作也是和句中謂語所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的。它一般在句中作定語或狀語用。如:The truck being repaired there is ours.

　　 5、被動(dòng)語態(tài)-ing完成式的基本用法。被動(dòng)語態(tài)-ing完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前,在句中一般作狀語用。如:Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.

　　 6、-ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。在-ing前加物主代詞或名詞所有格即構(gòu)成-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。其中的物主代詞或名詞所有格為-ing的邏輯主語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語、賓語或表語,如:Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health. 但在口語中,這種結(jié)構(gòu)如作賓語用,其中的物主代詞常用人稱代詞的賓格,名詞的所有格常用名詞的普通格代替,如:She insisted on Peter's (or Peter)going there first.

　　 7、-ing形式與動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作主語、表語、賓語時(shí)的區(qū)別。一般說來,表示一個(gè)比較抽象或泛指的動(dòng)作時(shí)多用-ing形式。表示一個(gè)具體某一次的動(dòng)作時(shí),多用動(dòng)詞不定式,如:Our job is making steel. She likes playing the piano, but she doesn't want to play it today.

　　 8、-ing形式與動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作定語的區(qū)別。-ing形式作定語用時(shí),其動(dòng)作一般與句中謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生,而動(dòng)詞不定式作定語時(shí),其動(dòng)作一般發(fā)生在句中謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后。如:The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well./I have three letters to write.

　　 9、-ing形式與動(dòng)詞不定式在作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)的區(qū)別。(1)不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),其動(dòng)作一般發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后,如:I have told them to come again tomorrow.(2)在see, watch, hear, feel等之后,如果用-ing形式作賓補(bǔ),表示其動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行中,而用不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),不定式所表示的動(dòng)作是一個(gè)動(dòng)作的過程,如:I hear her singing in the room.我聽見她正在屋里唱歌。 I hear her sing in the room.我聽見她在屋里唱過歌。

　　 10、-ing形式與動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作狀語的區(qū)別。-ing形式在句作狀語表示時(shí)間、原因、方式或伴隨情況,而動(dòng)詞不定式一般式在句中作狀語時(shí),一般是作目的或結(jié)果狀語,如:Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him again./ I looked into the window to see what was going on inside.

　　 練習(xí)、非謂語動(dòng)詞(二)

　　 1. Alien said that his trip was _______.

　　 A. interested B. interest C. interesting D. of interest

　　 2. We can't understand ______ a decision until it is too late.

　　 A. him to postpone to make B. his postponing to make

　　 C. him to postpone making D. his postponing making

　　 3. I couldn't understand ______ at the poor child.

　　 A. you to laugh B. you laugh C. why laugh D. you laughing

　　 4. It's no use______ with him. You might as well ______ with a stone wall.

　　 A. arguing, argue B. to argue, arguing C. arguing, arguing D. to argue, argue

　　 5. It is no good ______ today's work for tomorrow.

　　 A. to leave B. leaving C. that you leave D. leave

　　 6. The old man's ______ pity on the snake led to his own death.

　　 A. take B. taking C. being taken D. have

　　 7. It's very kind ______ you ______ say so.

　　 A. of, to B. for, to C. to, to D. of, /

　　 8. Some people's greatest pleasure is ______ .

　　 A. fishing B. to fish C. to be fish D. being fishing

　　 9. Remember ______ the book, when you have finished it.

　　 A. putting back B. having put back C. to put back D. will put back

　　 10. You didn't hear us come back last night. That's good. We tried ______ noisy.

　　 A. to not be B. not to be C. being not D. not being

　　 1~5 CDDAB 6~10 BAACB