英語講義【83】容易犯錯的形容詞從句
在三種英語從句中，名詞從句與副詞從句用得較多，錯誤也較少。形容詞從句用得較少，但卻最易犯錯，尤其是下列四種錯法：
?、逯貜?fù)形容詞中的賓語。例如：
*① The essay which John wrote it yesterday got a good grade.
*② Do you know the name of the man whom the police are looking for him?
在①里的形容詞從句中的it和②里的him都是重復(fù)的賓語，因為這兩個賓語已經(jīng)由關(guān)系代詞which和whom接管了。因此，it和him是多余的，必須去掉。
?、骊P(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞不對。例如：
*③ This is the dog who ate up the food.
*④ Do you know the time which we must resume work?
?、劾锏年P(guān)系代詞who和④里的which都錯。③里的先行詞是一種動物，關(guān)系代詞里which或that才對。④里的先行詞是時間，應(yīng)該用關(guān)系副詞when才可。
?、缧稳菰~從句修飾的對象不符。例如：
*⑤ Malcolm finished the work and then left the office which was well-planned.
這里的形容詞從句which was well-planned，應(yīng)該修飾名詞 the work，不是the office，因此犯了修飾的對象不符之錯。最容易的改正方法，是使這個從句緊扣在先行詞the work后面，即：
?、?Malcolm finished the work which was well-planned and then left the office.
這樣的改正雖然符合語法，但句子顯得頭重腳輕，失去平衡；對是對，但是不好。我建議重整從句，以臻既對且好之境。試比較 7（a）, （b）和（c）：
?、遖. Malcolm left the office after he had finished the work which was well-planned.
b. Malcolm left the office after having finished the work which was well-planned.
c. Malcolm finished the well-planned work and then left the office.
三句中，⑦（c）一氣呵成，短小精悍，是上選。此外，⑦（c）把形容詞從句節(jié)縮為合成形容詞（compound adjective），使句子簡練有力。這點足以證明節(jié)縮句的好處。關(guān)于節(jié)縮方法，以后再談。在了解節(jié)縮法之前，千萬不要隨便嘗試，以免犯錯。例如： *⑧ A sentence is made up of a subject and a predicate is called a simple sentence.
?、嗬锏膇s made up of a subject and a predicate是形容詞從句which is made up of a subject and a predicate的節(jié)縮體，但是錯了。
根據(jù)形容詞從句的縮略規(guī)則，如果形容詞從句是被動式的話，就要把關(guān)系代詞和助動詞be一齊去掉：
?、?Do you like the man who was introduced to you yesterday? Do you like the man introduced to you yesterday?
?、?Please fill in each of the blanks which are provided below. Please fill in each of the blanks provided below.
⑧里的關(guān)系代詞不見了，但是助動詞is還在，莫怪整句讀起來，有點不順口；因此要改一改；
╆ A sentence made up of a subject and a predicate is called a simple sentence.
在三種英語從句中，名詞從句與副詞從句用得較多，錯誤也較少。形容詞從句用得較少，但卻最易犯錯，尤其是下列四種錯法：
?、逯貜?fù)形容詞中的賓語。例如：
*① The essay which John wrote it yesterday got a good grade.
*② Do you know the name of the man whom the police are looking for him?
在①里的形容詞從句中的it和②里的him都是重復(fù)的賓語，因為這兩個賓語已經(jīng)由關(guān)系代詞which和whom接管了。因此，it和him是多余的，必須去掉。
㈡關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞不對。例如：
*③ This is the dog who ate up the food.
*④ Do you know the time which we must resume work?
?、劾锏年P(guān)系代詞who和④里的which都錯。③里的先行詞是一種動物，關(guān)系代詞里which或that才對。④里的先行詞是時間，應(yīng)該用關(guān)系副詞when才可。
?、缧稳菰~從句修飾的對象不符。例如：
*⑤ Malcolm finished the work and then left the office which was well-planned.
這里的形容詞從句which was well-planned，應(yīng)該修飾名詞 the work，不是the office，因此犯了修飾的對象不符之錯。最容易的改正方法，是使這個從句緊扣在先行詞the work后面，即：
?、?Malcolm finished the work which was well-planned and then left the office.
這樣的改正雖然符合語法，但句子顯得頭重腳輕，失去平衡；對是對，但是不好。我建議重整從句，以臻既對且好之境。試比較 7（a）, （b）和（c）：
?、遖. Malcolm left the office after he had finished the work which was well-planned.
b. Malcolm left the office after having finished the work which was well-planned.
c. Malcolm finished the well-planned work and then left the office.
三句中，⑦（c）一氣呵成，短小精悍，是上選。此外，⑦（c）把形容詞從句節(jié)縮為合成形容詞（compound adjective），使句子簡練有力。這點足以證明節(jié)縮句的好處。關(guān)于節(jié)縮方法，以后再談。在了解節(jié)縮法之前，千萬不要隨便嘗試，以免犯錯。例如： *⑧ A sentence is made up of a subject and a predicate is called a simple sentence.
?、嗬锏膇s made up of a subject and a predicate是形容詞從句which is made up of a subject and a predicate的節(jié)縮體，但是錯了。
根據(jù)形容詞從句的縮略規(guī)則，如果形容詞從句是被動式的話，就要把關(guān)系代詞和助動詞be一齊去掉：
⑨ Do you like the man who was introduced to you yesterday? Do you like the man introduced to you yesterday?
?、?Please fill in each of the blanks which are provided below. Please fill in each of the blanks provided below.
?、嗬锏年P(guān)系代詞不見了，但是助動詞is還在，莫怪整句讀起來，有點不順口；因此要改一改；
╆ A sentence made up of a subject and a predicate is called a simple sentence.
