職稱英語衛生類考試考前每日一練
職稱英語衛生類考試考前每日一練
Diseases of Agricultural Plants
Plants, like animals, are subject to diseases of various kinds. It has been estimated that some 30,000 different diseases attack our economic plants: forty are known to attack corn, and about as many attack wheat. The results of unchecked plant disease are all too obvious in countries which have marginal food supplies. The problem will soon be more widespread as the population of the world increases at its frightening rate. Even in countries which are now amply fed by their agricultural products, there could soon be critical food shortages. It is easy to imagine the consequences of some disastrous attack on one of the major crops; the resulting famines could kill millions of people, and the resulting hardship on other millions could cause political upheavalsdisastrous to the order of the world.
Some plants have relative immunity to a great many diseases, while others have a sus-ceptibility to them. The tolerance of a particular plant changes as the growing conditions change. A blightmay be but a local infection easily controlled, on the other hand it can attack particular plants in a whole region or nation. An example is the blight which killed virtually every chestnut tree in North American. Another is the famous potato blight in Ireland in the last century. As a result of that, it was estimated that one million people died of starvation and related ailments.
Plant pathologistshave made remarkable strides in identifying the patho-gensof the various diseases. Bacteriamay invade a plant through an infes-tationof insect parasitescarrying the pathogen. A plant can also be inoc-ulatedby man. Other diseases might be caused by funguswhich attacks the plant in the form of a moldor smutor rust. Frequently such a primary infection will weaken the plant so, that a secondary infection may result from its lack of tolerance. The symptoms shown may cause an error in diagnosis, so that treatment may be directed toward bacteria which could be the result of a susceptibility caused by a primary virus infection.
36. How many diseases are known to attack wheat?
A. Around 30,000
B. Around 140
C. Around 29,960
D. Around 40
37. According to this passage, which of the following would a plant disease result in if it was left unchecked?
A. A world war.
B. Border conflicts
C. Rations of grain and meat.
D. Social upheavals.
38. What is the main idea of the second paragraph?
A. Some plants have relative immunity to a great many diseases, while others have a susceptibility to them.
B. The tolerance of a particular plant changes as the growing conditions change.
C. A blight killed virtually every chestnut tree in North American.
D. A blight may be a national infection.
39. According to the passage, some plant diseases can be prevented by
A. killing parasites
B. inoculation
C. killing insects
D. improving growing conditions
40. Which of the following statements is not true?
A. Some plant diseases may be caused by bacteria.
B. Some plant diseases may be caused by pathogens.
C. Some plant diseases may be caused by fungus.
D. Symptoms are always helpful in identifying diseases.
參考譯文
農作物的病害
跟動物一樣，植物也會受到各種疾病的侵襲。世界上大約有3萬種侵害經濟作物的疾病：已經知道有40種會侵害玉米，還有40種會侵害小麥。在食物匱乏的國家中，由植物疾病失控所引起的后果非常嚴重。隨著世界人口以驚人的速度增加，植物疾病所引發的問題將越來越廣泛。即使是在那些現在有足夠的食物供給的國家，不久也將面臨食物匱乏的問題。當某種主要農作物遭到災難性病害時，我們不難想象其后果會是怎樣;由此引發的饑荒將導致大量人口的死亡，而幸存的人由于度日艱難，也會引起政治上的動蕩，對世界秩序產生災難性影響。
某些植物對許多疾病都有免疫力，然而另外一些植物卻很容易受到感染。一種植物對疾病的抵抗力會隨著其生長環境的改變而改變。枯萎病原本只是一種易于控制的地區性傳染病，但是它卻能夠侵襲一整片地區或整個國家中的某些特定的植物。比如，枯萎病曾經毀掉了北美洲幾乎所有的栗子樹。另一個例子是上個世紀發生在愛爾蘭的很有名的馬鈴薯枯萎病，其后果是，由此引發的饑荒和疾病導致100萬人喪生。
植物病理學家在鑒別多種植物疾病的病原體方面取得了長足進步。病菌侵害植物很有可能是因為寄生在植物上的昆蟲攜帶了病菌。但是，植物疾病同樣可以通過接種疫苗來預防。還有一些疾病是由真菌引起的，其病害表現為霉菌病、黑穗病和銹病。通常，一種主要的傳染病會降低植物的抵抗力而使之染上其他次要的傳染病。那么由此導致的癥狀會使診斷出現錯誤，人們對患病植物的治療也許只針對了次要病菌引起的疾病，而不是針對有主要病菌引起的疾病
職稱英語衛生類考試考前每日一練
Diseases of Agricultural Plants
Plants, like animals, are subject to diseases of various kinds. It has been estimated that some 30,000 different diseases attack our economic plants: forty are known to attack corn, and about as many attack wheat. The results of unchecked plant disease are all too obvious in countries which have marginal food supplies. The problem will soon be more widespread as the population of the world increases at its frightening rate. Even in countries which are now amply fed by their agricultural products, there could soon be critical food shortages. It is easy to imagine the consequences of some disastrous attack on one of the major crops; the resulting famines could kill millions of people, and the resulting hardship on other millions could cause political upheavalsdisastrous to the order of the world.
Some plants have relative immunity to a great many diseases, while others have a sus-ceptibility to them. The tolerance of a particular plant changes as the growing conditions change. A blightmay be but a local infection easily controlled, on the other hand it can attack particular plants in a whole region or nation. An example is the blight which killed virtually every chestnut tree in North American. Another is the famous potato blight in Ireland in the last century. As a result of that, it was estimated that one million people died of starvation and related ailments.
Plant pathologistshave made remarkable strides in identifying the patho-gensof the various diseases. Bacteriamay invade a plant through an infes-tationof insect parasitescarrying the pathogen. A plant can also be inoc-ulatedby man. Other diseases might be caused by funguswhich attacks the plant in the form of a moldor smutor rust. Frequently such a primary infection will weaken the plant so, that a secondary infection may result from its lack of tolerance. The symptoms shown may cause an error in diagnosis, so that treatment may be directed toward bacteria which could be the result of a susceptibility caused by a primary virus infection.
36. How many diseases are known to attack wheat?
A. Around 30,000
B. Around 140
C. Around 29,960
D. Around 40
37. According to this passage, which of the following would a plant disease result in if it was left unchecked?
A. A world war.
B. Border conflicts
C. Rations of grain and meat.
D. Social upheavals.
38. What is the main idea of the second paragraph?
A. Some plants have relative immunity to a great many diseases, while others have a susceptibility to them.
B. The tolerance of a particular plant changes as the growing conditions change.
C. A blight killed virtually every chestnut tree in North American.
D. A blight may be a national infection.
39. According to the passage, some plant diseases can be prevented by
A. killing parasites
B. inoculation
C. killing insects
D. improving growing conditions
40. Which of the following statements is not true?
A. Some plant diseases may be caused by bacteria.
B. Some plant diseases may be caused by pathogens.
C. Some plant diseases may be caused by fungus.
D. Symptoms are always helpful in identifying diseases.
參考譯文
農作物的病害
跟動物一樣，植物也會受到各種疾病的侵襲。世界上大約有3萬種侵害經濟作物的疾病：已經知道有40種會侵害玉米，還有40種會侵害小麥。在食物匱乏的國家中，由植物疾病失控所引起的后果非常嚴重。隨著世界人口以驚人的速度增加，植物疾病所引發的問題將越來越廣泛。即使是在那些現在有足夠的食物供給的國家，不久也將面臨食物匱乏的問題。當某種主要農作物遭到災難性病害時，我們不難想象其后果會是怎樣;由此引發的饑荒將導致大量人口的死亡，而幸存的人由于度日艱難，也會引起政治上的動蕩，對世界秩序產生災難性影響。
某些植物對許多疾病都有免疫力，然而另外一些植物卻很容易受到感染。一種植物對疾病的抵抗力會隨著其生長環境的改變而改變。枯萎病原本只是一種易于控制的地區性傳染病，但是它卻能夠侵襲一整片地區或整個國家中的某些特定的植物。比如，枯萎病曾經毀掉了北美洲幾乎所有的栗子樹。另一個例子是上個世紀發生在愛爾蘭的很有名的馬鈴薯枯萎病，其后果是，由此引發的饑荒和疾病導致100萬人喪生。
植物病理學家在鑒別多種植物疾病的病原體方面取得了長足進步。病菌侵害植物很有可能是因為寄生在植物上的昆蟲攜帶了病菌。但是，植物疾病同樣可以通過接種疫苗來預防。還有一些疾病是由真菌引起的，其病害表現為霉菌病、黑穗病和銹病。通常，一種主要的傳染病會降低植物的抵抗力而使之染上其他次要的傳染病。那么由此導致的癥狀會使診斷出現錯誤，人們對患病植物的治療也許只針對了次要病菌引起的疾病，而不是針對有主要病菌引起的疾病
