歷年GRE閱讀材料中的難句精選100句
31. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.
由哈格雷夫和吉恩所進(jìn)行的研究，對(duì)自然條件下的群落捕食速率進(jìn)行了估計(jì)，其手段是通過(guò)測(cè)量出實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)單獨(dú)的浮游動(dòng)物種類的捕食速率，然后利用已知的食草動(dòng)物種群密度，計(jì)算出實(shí)地狀況下的群落捕食速率。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：本句對(duì)閱讀者的閱讀能力提出了更高的要求，不但要求讀者讀清楚句子的復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)，而且對(duì)讀者的詞匯能力也提出了更高的要求。
By以前結(jié)構(gòu)無(wú)需解釋，by以后有兩個(gè)作介詞賓語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)，measuring和后面表示并列和順接的and then之后的computing，說(shuō)的是計(jì)算方法;前一個(gè)measuring說(shuō)的是先算出實(shí)驗(yàn)室中浮游動(dòng)物品種的單位捕食速率，后面的computing前其實(shí)省略了一個(gè)by，而且在這個(gè)動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)中還包括一個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)using the known population density of grazers，用已知的捕食者的種群密度計(jì)算出其野外的群體捕食速率。整個(gè)的by以后的計(jì)算過(guò)程簡(jiǎn)單了就是：實(shí)驗(yàn)室單位速率野外密度=野外群體速率
另外本句中的詞匯也頗有迷惑性;雖然沒(méi)有太難的單詞，但是很多單詞都是同義詞和反義詞，容易讓人讀混;
estimate/measure/compute; feeding rates/grazing rates; zooplankton/grazers; natureal/field; laboratory community; individuall
意群訓(xùn)練：Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community graz-ing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.
32. In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer，Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.
在浮游動(dòng)物數(shù)量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼記錄了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率，對(duì)于營(yíng)養(yǎng)物不充足的湖和沼澤湖而言，分別為每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%.
難句類型：插入語(yǔ)
解釋：句中有兩組插入語(yǔ)，每組兩個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，尤其是第二組，把rate of從中間劈開(kāi)。不過(guò)因?yàn)榫淞x尚好理解，所以本句只是有一點(diǎn)別扭，但不算太難。
意群訓(xùn)練：In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer，Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.
33. The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.
水文循環(huán)，作為該學(xué)科中的一個(gè)主要課題，指的是水所經(jīng)過(guò)的諸現(xiàn)象的整個(gè)循環(huán)過(guò)程，開(kāi)始時(shí)是作為大氣中的水蒸氣，轉(zhuǎn)而作為雨、雪、露、雹一類的降水量經(jīng)過(guò)液體和固體形態(tài)，由此而沿著地層表面分布或進(jìn)入地層表面，最終通過(guò)蒸發(fā)和散發(fā)作用再度回復(fù)到大氣水蒸氣的形態(tài)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略
水文循環(huán)，作為該學(xué)科中的一個(gè)主要課題，指的是水所經(jīng)過(guò)的諸現(xiàn)象的整個(gè)循環(huán)過(guò)程，開(kāi)始時(shí)是作為大氣中的水蒸氣，轉(zhuǎn)而作為雨、雪、露、雹一類的降水量經(jīng)過(guò)液體和固體形態(tài)，由此而沿著地層表面分布或進(jìn)入地層表面，最終通過(guò)蒸發(fā)和散發(fā)作用再度回復(fù)到大氣水蒸氣的形態(tài)。
解釋：beginning開(kāi)始的一系列分詞都是修飾主語(yǔ)The hydrologic cycle的，分別是beginning/passing/passing/returning。值得注意的是，thence along and into the grund surfacee 是thence passing along and entering into the ground surfacee的省略形式，但是看上去意思卻很清楚。類似這樣的省略，是出題者合理地利用了省略來(lái)達(dá)到改編學(xué)術(shù)論文時(shí)壓縮文章篇幅的目的。
意群訓(xùn)練：The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.
34. Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.
只有當(dāng)一個(gè)系統(tǒng)擁有自然的或人工形成的邊界來(lái)把邊界中的水與水文循環(huán)聯(lián)系起來(lái)的時(shí)候，才有可能把整個(gè)的系統(tǒng)恰當(dāng)?shù)某蔀榕c水文地質(zhì)學(xué)有關(guān)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝
解釋：only放在句首時(shí)，主句的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may倒裝，這是我們高中就已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)的東西。然而句首的only與倒裝的may距離如此之遠(yuǎn)，這在以前卻沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)，所以讀上去讓人不習(xí)慣。另外一個(gè)難點(diǎn)在于，前面的由when所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，賓語(yǔ)boundaries后面跟了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle,而且從句中的associate with又被water within it所分開(kāi)，讀者還要分神去考慮it所指的是什么，所以讀到后面倒裝的may的時(shí)候，難免不知所云。
意群訓(xùn)練：Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.
35. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by theclosing of the internal frontierthat is，the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system.
史學(xué)家弗雷德里克.杰.特納于十九世紀(jì)九十年代著述道，美國(guó)約自18世紀(jì)70年代以來(lái)一直在持續(xù)不斷發(fā)展的農(nóng)民不滿，由于國(guó)內(nèi)邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的封閉而更趨加劇亦即是說(shuō)，美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展所必需的可資利用的新土地幾近耗竭。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：典型的句子套句子。主句是F.J.T. wrote that，賓語(yǔ)從句中主干是the agrarian discontent had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier，在從句的主語(yǔ)the agrarian discontent后面又來(lái)了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。
意群訓(xùn)練：The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by theclosing of the internal frontierthat is，the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system.
36. In the early 1950s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe began， for the first time in large numbers，toinvestigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
譯文：二十世紀(jì)五十年代早期，研究前工業(yè)化時(shí)代歐洲的史學(xué)家，首次以眾多的人數(shù)，開(kāi)始調(diào)查前工業(yè)化時(shí)代歐洲人口中的大多數(shù)，而非那些構(gòu)成了政治與社會(huì)精英階層的百分之二或三的人口，即國(guó)王、將軍、法官、貴族、主教、以及地方上的達(dá)官顯貴，而正是這部分人一直到那時(shí)為止普遍充斥于史學(xué)著作。
解釋：句子中有兩個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，一個(gè)是跟在preindustrial Europe之后的which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800,這個(gè)插入語(yǔ)的直接作用是解釋前面的preindustrial Europe的年代，而起到的客觀作用則是把主句中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)分割得很遠(yuǎn);第二個(gè)插入語(yǔ)是在began，for the first time in large numbers, to investingate中間，把一個(gè)好好的began to斬為兩段。
這句話另外一個(gè)難以理解的地方是more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent，表示的是在工業(yè)化以前的歐洲人口中超過(guò)了那2%到3%的人，亦即占97%到98%的人民群眾。
意群訓(xùn)練：In the early 1950s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe began， for the first time in large numbers，toinvestigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.
37. Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. 一類的史學(xué)家利用這些文獻(xiàn)史料從中挖掘出某些個(gè)案史來(lái)，闡明了不同社會(huì)群體的態(tài)度，并揭示出當(dāng)局是如何執(zhí)行審判的。
解釋：逗號(hào)以后的內(nèi)容都是修飾逗號(hào)以前的case history的。在which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中有一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，我們可以看到這個(gè)插入語(yǔ)中又套了一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)but not confined to。
意群訓(xùn)練：Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.
38. It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
譯文：從文章中可以推斷出來(lái)，一個(gè)希望比較十五世紀(jì)以前一個(gè)十年的某個(gè)歐洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率與另外一個(gè)十年中的犯罪率的歷史學(xué)家將會(huì)被以下那種信息的提高所最好的幫助?
解釋：句首的it是形式主語(yǔ)，其具體內(nèi)容是從that開(kāi)始到句子結(jié)束的全部?jī)?nèi)容。That從句中，主語(yǔ)a historyian之后修飾它的超長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句是這個(gè)句子難以讀懂的原因。Compare crime rates with crime rates中間被修飾第一個(gè)crime rates的兩個(gè)修飾成分perthousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century分隔得很遠(yuǎn)。在with之后的第二個(gè)crime rates后面，省略了與前面重復(fù)的per thousand in a European city。
意群訓(xùn)練：It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?
39. My point is that its central consciousnessits profound understanding of class and genderas shaping influences on peoples livesowes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
譯文：我的論點(diǎn)是，其作品的中心意識(shí)它將階級(jí)和性別作為人們生活的決定性影響而作出的深邃理解在很大程度上借鑒了那個(gè)早期的文學(xué)遺產(chǎn)，而這一遺產(chǎn)就總體而言還尚未獲得大多數(shù)當(dāng)代文學(xué)評(píng)論家的足夠重視。
解釋：賓語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)被長(zhǎng)插入語(yǔ)分開(kāi)，造成閱讀障礙。插入語(yǔ)中有一個(gè)固定搭配understanding of A as B，是把A理解成B的意思。不過(guò)本句中as的賓語(yǔ)不容易理解：shaping influences on peoples lives可以理解成形成了對(duì)人們生活的影響也可以理解成對(duì)人們生活的塑造性影響。當(dāng)然后面的理解是正確的，然而在閱讀現(xiàn)場(chǎng)想要在瞬間做出正確判斷，還有賴于考生的閱讀理解力和詞匯功底的深淺。插入語(yǔ)后面還有一個(gè)固定搭配：A owes much to B，指前者有很多東西是來(lái)自于后者，得益于后者的。
意群訓(xùn)練：My point is that its central consciousnessits profound understanding of class and genderas shaping influences on peoples livesowes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.
40. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.
即使是這樣的要求，即從這些材料中加工出來(lái)的生物材料應(yīng)該對(duì)受移植者的組織無(wú)害，也能夠通過(guò)從研究組織培養(yǎng)對(duì)生物材料的反應(yīng)而來(lái)的，或從研究短期移植而來(lái)的技術(shù)來(lái)滿足。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略、專有名詞、固定搭配
解釋：主語(yǔ)the requirement后面帶著一個(gè)長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的修飾主語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ);由于requirement的同位語(yǔ)中要求使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，所以其中的系動(dòng)詞成了原型。如此之長(zhǎng)的修飾成分過(guò)后，謂語(yǔ)can be met與主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系已經(jīng)很難理清了。從by開(kāi)始的狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)更為復(fù)雜;修飾techniques的后置的定語(yǔ)derived from studying the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials or derived from studying short-term implants實(shí)際上是由or所連接的兩個(gè)固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials;第二個(gè)derive from中還套了另外一個(gè)固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials;第二個(gè)derive from則干脆把derive給省略了。此外，本句的專有名詞奇多，這使得閱讀的難度非常高。
意群訓(xùn)練：Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.
31. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.
由哈格雷夫和吉恩所進(jìn)行的研究，對(duì)自然條件下的群落捕食速率進(jìn)行了估計(jì)，其手段是通過(guò)測(cè)量出實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)單獨(dú)的浮游動(dòng)物種類的捕食速率，然后利用已知的食草動(dòng)物種群密度，計(jì)算出實(shí)地狀況下的群落捕食速率。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：本句對(duì)閱讀者的閱讀能力提出了更高的要求，不但要求讀者讀清楚句子的復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)，而且對(duì)讀者的詞匯能力也提出了更高的要求。
By以前結(jié)構(gòu)無(wú)需解釋，by以后有兩個(gè)作介詞賓語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)，measuring和后面表示并列和順接的and then之后的computing，說(shuō)的是計(jì)算方法;前一個(gè)measuring說(shuō)的是先算出實(shí)驗(yàn)室中浮游動(dòng)物品種的單位捕食速率，后面的computing前其實(shí)省略了一個(gè)by，而且在這個(gè)動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)中還包括一個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)using the known population density of grazers，用已知的捕食者的種群密度計(jì)算出其野外的群體捕食速率。整個(gè)的by以后的計(jì)算過(guò)程簡(jiǎn)單了就是：實(shí)驗(yàn)室單位速率野外密度=野外群體速率
另外本句中的詞匯也頗有迷惑性;雖然沒(méi)有太難的單詞，但是很多單詞都是同義詞和反義詞，容易讓人讀混;
estimate/measure/compute; feeding rates/grazing rates; zooplankton/grazers; natureal/field; laboratory community; individuall
意群訓(xùn)練：Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community graz-ing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.
32. In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer，Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.
在浮游動(dòng)物數(shù)量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼記錄了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率，對(duì)于營(yíng)養(yǎng)物不充足的湖和沼澤湖而言，分別為每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%.
難句類型：插入語(yǔ)
解釋：句中有兩組插入語(yǔ)，每組兩個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，尤其是第二組，把rate of從中間劈開(kāi)。不過(guò)因?yàn)榫淞x尚好理解，所以本句只是有一點(diǎn)別扭，但不算太難。
意群訓(xùn)練：In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer，Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.
33. The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.
水文循環(huán)，作為該學(xué)科中的一個(gè)主要課題，指的是水所經(jīng)過(guò)的諸現(xiàn)象的整個(gè)循環(huán)過(guò)程，開(kāi)始時(shí)是作為大氣中的水蒸氣，轉(zhuǎn)而作為雨、雪、露、雹一類的降水量經(jīng)過(guò)液體和固體形態(tài)，由此而沿著地層表面分布或進(jìn)入地層表面，最終通過(guò)蒸發(fā)和散發(fā)作用再度回復(fù)到大氣水蒸氣的形態(tài)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略
水文循環(huán)，作為該學(xué)科中的一個(gè)主要課題，指的是水所經(jīng)過(guò)的諸現(xiàn)象的整個(gè)循環(huán)過(guò)程，開(kāi)始時(shí)是作為大氣中的水蒸氣，轉(zhuǎn)而作為雨、雪、露、雹一類的降水量經(jīng)過(guò)液體和固體形態(tài)，由此而沿著地層表面分布或進(jìn)入地層表面，最終通過(guò)蒸發(fā)和散發(fā)作用再度回復(fù)到大氣水蒸氣的形態(tài)。
解釋：beginning開(kāi)始的一系列分詞都是修飾主語(yǔ)The hydrologic cycle的，分別是beginning/passing/passing/returning。值得注意的是，thence along and into the grund surfacee 是thence passing along and entering into the ground surfacee的省略形式，但是看上去意思卻很清楚。類似這樣的省略，是出題者合理地利用了省略來(lái)達(dá)到改編學(xué)術(shù)論文時(shí)壓縮文章篇幅的目的。
意群訓(xùn)練：The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.
34. Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.
只有當(dāng)一個(gè)系統(tǒng)擁有自然的或人工形成的邊界來(lái)把邊界中的水與水文循環(huán)聯(lián)系起來(lái)的時(shí)候，才有可能把整個(gè)的系統(tǒng)恰當(dāng)?shù)某蔀榕c水文地質(zhì)學(xué)有關(guān)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝
解釋：only放在句首時(shí)，主句的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may倒裝，這是我們高中就已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)的東西。然而句首的only與倒裝的may距離如此之遠(yuǎn)，這在以前卻沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)，所以讀上去讓人不習(xí)慣。另外一個(gè)難點(diǎn)在于，前面的由when所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，賓語(yǔ)boundaries后面跟了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle,而且從句中的associate with又被water within it所分開(kāi)，讀者還要分神去考慮it所指的是什么，所以讀到后面倒裝的may的時(shí)候，難免不知所云。
意群訓(xùn)練：Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.
35. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by theclosing of the internal frontierthat is，the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system.
史學(xué)家弗雷德里克.杰.特納于十九世紀(jì)九十年代著述道，美國(guó)約自18世紀(jì)70年代以來(lái)一直在持續(xù)不斷發(fā)展的農(nóng)民不滿，由于國(guó)內(nèi)邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的封閉而更趨加劇亦即是說(shuō)，美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展所必需的可資利用的新土地幾近耗竭。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：典型的句子套句子。主句是F.J.T. wrote that，賓語(yǔ)從句中主干是the agrarian discontent had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier，在從句的主語(yǔ)the agrarian discontent后面又來(lái)了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。
意群訓(xùn)練：The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by theclosing of the internal frontierthat is，the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system.
36. In the early 1950s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe began， for the first time in large numbers，toinvestigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
譯文：二十世紀(jì)五十年代早期，研究前工業(yè)化時(shí)代歐洲的史學(xué)家，首次以眾多的人數(shù)，開(kāi)始調(diào)查前工業(yè)化時(shí)代歐洲人口中的大多數(shù)，而非那些構(gòu)成了政治與社會(huì)精英階層的百分之二或三的人口，即國(guó)王、將軍、法官、貴族、主教、以及地方上的達(dá)官顯貴，而正是這部分人一直到那時(shí)為止普遍充斥于史學(xué)著作。
解釋：句子中有兩個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，一個(gè)是跟在preindustrial Europe之后的which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800,這個(gè)插入語(yǔ)的直接作用是解釋前面的preindustrial Europe的年代，而起到的客觀作用則是把主句中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)分割得很遠(yuǎn);第二個(gè)插入語(yǔ)是在began，for the first time in large numbers, to investingate中間，把一個(gè)好好的began to斬為兩段。
這句話另外一個(gè)難以理解的地方是more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent，表示的是在工業(yè)化以前的歐洲人口中超過(guò)了那2%到3%的人，亦即占97%到98%的人民群眾。
意群訓(xùn)練：In the early 1950s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe began， for the first time in large numbers，toinvestigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.
37. Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. 一類的史學(xué)家利用這些文獻(xiàn)史料從中挖掘出某些個(gè)案史來(lái)，闡明了不同社會(huì)群體的態(tài)度，并揭示出當(dāng)局是如何執(zhí)行審判的。
解釋：逗號(hào)以后的內(nèi)容都是修飾逗號(hào)以前的case history的。在which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中有一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，我們可以看到這個(gè)插入語(yǔ)中又套了一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)but not confined to。
意群訓(xùn)練：Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.
38. It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
譯文：從文章中可以推斷出來(lái)，一個(gè)希望比較十五世紀(jì)以前一個(gè)十年的某個(gè)歐洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率與另外一個(gè)十年中的犯罪率的歷史學(xué)家將會(huì)被以下那種信息的提高所最好的幫助?
解釋：句首的it是形式主語(yǔ)，其具體內(nèi)容是從that開(kāi)始到句子結(jié)束的全部?jī)?nèi)容。That從句中，主語(yǔ)a historyian之后修飾它的超長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句是這個(gè)句子難以讀懂的原因。Compare crime rates with crime rates中間被修飾第一個(gè)crime rates的兩個(gè)修飾成分perthousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century分隔得很遠(yuǎn)。在with之后的第二個(gè)crime rates后面，省略了與前面重復(fù)的per thousand in a European city。
意群訓(xùn)練：It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?
39. My point is that its central consciousnessits profound understanding of class and genderas shaping influences on peoples livesowes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
譯文：我的論點(diǎn)是，其作品的中心意識(shí)它將階級(jí)和性別作為人們生活的決定性影響而作出的深邃理解在很大程度上借鑒了那個(gè)早期的文學(xué)遺產(chǎn)，而這一遺產(chǎn)就總體而言還尚未獲得大多數(shù)當(dāng)代文學(xué)評(píng)論家的足夠重視。
解釋：賓語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)被長(zhǎng)插入語(yǔ)分開(kāi)，造成閱讀障礙。插入語(yǔ)中有一個(gè)固定搭配understanding of A as B，是把A理解成B的意思。不過(guò)本句中as的賓語(yǔ)不容易理解：shaping influences on peoples lives可以理解成形成了對(duì)人們生活的影響也可以理解成對(duì)人們生活的塑造性影響。當(dāng)然后面的理解是正確的，然而在閱讀現(xiàn)場(chǎng)想要在瞬間做出正確判斷，還有賴于考生的閱讀理解力和詞匯功底的深淺。插入語(yǔ)后面還有一個(gè)固定搭配：A owes much to B，指前者有很多東西是來(lái)自于后者，得益于后者的。
意群訓(xùn)練：My point is that its central consciousnessits profound understanding of class and genderas shaping influences on peoples livesowes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.
40. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.
即使是這樣的要求，即從這些材料中加工出來(lái)的生物材料應(yīng)該對(duì)受移植者的組織無(wú)害，也能夠通過(guò)從研究組織培養(yǎng)對(duì)生物材料的反應(yīng)而來(lái)的，或從研究短期移植而來(lái)的技術(shù)來(lái)滿足。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略、專有名詞、固定搭配
解釋：主語(yǔ)the requirement后面帶著一個(gè)長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的修飾主語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ);由于requirement的同位語(yǔ)中要求使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，所以其中的系動(dòng)詞成了原型。如此之長(zhǎng)的修飾成分過(guò)后，謂語(yǔ)can be met與主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系已經(jīng)很難理清了。從by開(kāi)始的狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)更為復(fù)雜;修飾techniques的后置的定語(yǔ)derived from studying the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials or derived from studying short-term implants實(shí)際上是由or所連接的兩個(gè)固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials;第二個(gè)derive from中還套了另外一個(gè)固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials;第二個(gè)derive from則干脆把derive給省略了。此外，本句的專有名詞奇多，這使得閱讀的難度非常高。
意群訓(xùn)練：Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.
