17There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even mo re importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws.

　　 同意要遵守公正法律，反對(duì)不公正法律，但也有一些法律很難區(qū)分公正與否

　　1、法律是維護(hù)社會(huì)秩序的工具，只有遵守法律才能維持社會(huì)公平

　　criminal law can deal with murder, theft, adultery , or the like; economical law provides a rule for economic activity and settles the dispute between both sides of the trade; tax law makes sure that tax is handed in according to the tax standard.

　　2、當(dāng)法律傷害大部分人利益的時(shí)候，是不公正的，要反對(duì)

　　Hitler made a series of laws which could be treated as unjust laws. Under the control of Hitler and his laws, mass of the Jews were killed optionally as he liked, and no justice any more then. Still, warm hearted people in German would like to disobey the laws and hide the Jews in their house. More and more people including several judges began to resist the laws in spite of the miserable results followed.If it were not for the resisting of people to th e laws and Hitler, no succ ess would be reached.

　　3、但是現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中也有一些法律很難區(qū)分公正與否，立法者需要控制好平衡，交通事故 如果大家都被動(dòng)地遵守，勢(shì)必要犧牲一部分人的利益;如果每個(gè)人都根據(jù)自己的利益決定是否要遵守，會(huì)導(dǎo)致社會(huì)混亂;所要立法者主持公道

　　 有兩種法律：公正的和不公正的。社會(huì)中的每個(gè)人都有責(zé)任遵守公正的法律，更重要的是，不遵守和抵制不公正的法律。

　　 The argument that people in a society sh ould obey just law and disobey unjust law seems relatively sound, while after considering the intricate definition of law, the statement above is oversimplify the influence of the law upon the human world.

　　1、 首先，把法律歸類為正義和非正義太過于簡(jiǎn)單 克隆、原子彈

　　2、 法律并不像人們想象的那樣是一成不變的

　　3、 首先，正義的概念是隨著傳統(tǒng)和其他條件而變的 價(jià)值觀：墮胎 abortion

　　4、 同樣的非正義也是隨著因素而改變的 時(shí)間：違抗政府的命令;電腦犯罪

　　5、 同樣的過分強(qiáng)調(diào)人們遵守正義和抵制非正義的東西，也會(huì)造成一些問題 首先，阻礙社會(huì)民主進(jìn)程 其次，忽略了傳統(tǒng)價(jià)值觀念在社會(huì)中的作用

　　 In summary, as one of the crucial elements of modern society, the laws have to be served as the guidance for almost all the citizens to live and work in a right way and also provide them with a stabilized climate.

　　ISSUE17

　　遵守公正法律，抵抗不公正

　　1 法律，which 用來維持社會(huì)的秩序和規(guī)范人們行為，沒有絕對(duì)的公平。第一，很多法律不存在是否公平，僅僅用來定義，以方便其他條款的敘述。比如什么是成年人，什么是兒童，什么是死亡等等;另一方面，公正是一個(gè)主觀詞語，不同的價(jià)值觀看到的是不同的法律。比如死刑在某些國(guó)家來看是不可容忍的，因?yàn)槿魏稳藷o權(quán)剝奪其他人生命;而在另一些國(guó)家來說，他們的價(jià)值觀認(rèn)為殺人必須進(jìn)行償命。所以說，法律的公正與否與價(jià)值觀有很大關(guān)系。

　　2 法律的公正也與當(dāng)事人的利益有關(guān)。幾乎沒有一個(gè)法律的判決或者懲罰是另 plaintiff 和defendant完全滿意的，那么不滿意的一方必然會(huì)覺得法律不公正。比如，在交通事故中，法院根據(jù)法律條款要求被告賠償原告 1000dollars ，被告覺得太多不能接受，那么他自然會(huì)覺得法律不公平。這種不公平是無法消除的，它在不同人的 mind里不同。如果這種情況下，被告因?yàn)樗^的不公平而拒絕進(jìn)行給錢，那么等待他的是更嚴(yán)厲的判罰，法律是不允許違背的。所以說，對(duì)于不公正的法律不能夠用抵抗的方法進(jìn)行抗議。

　　3 在民主國(guó)家里，對(duì)于你認(rèn)為不公平的法律，不管是不是真的不公平，你可以采用合法合理的手段來進(jìn)行抗議。比如要求重新審理，或者引起媒體和學(xué)者們的注意，從而引起社會(huì)的廣泛關(guān)注。當(dāng)政府收到廣泛的壓力后自然就會(huì)重新研究該項(xiàng)條款，進(jìn)行修改。這樣的反抗既沒有違法，有可以達(dá)到很好的效果

　　17 有兩種法律：公平的和不公平的。社會(huì)中的每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該遵守公平的法律，更重要的是，不遵守或者違抗不公平的法律。

　　1-法律的正義不正義沒有絕對(duì)的定義 is rarely a straight forward issue

　　很多法律沒什么正義不正義

　　法律的一項(xiàng)功能：keep everything in order

　　比如：未滿十六歲喝酒，吸煙

　　未滿十八歲進(jìn)網(wǎng)吧

　　未滿二十二歲不能結(jié)婚 法定年齡 legal age: The age at which a person may by law assume the rights and responsibilities of an adult.

　　1)在不同觀念和文化中不同

　　法律的功能：to govern a society , control the behavior of its members

　　比如：該不該判死刑 death penalty

　　口香糖 chewing gum

　　安樂死 euthanasia

　　2 )在不同利益者中不同

　　法律的一項(xiàng)功能是和平解決糾紛 resolve disputes peacefully

　　This is especially true when it comes to personal affairs.

　　Even in a well-ordered society, people have disagreements and conflicts arise. The law must provide a way to resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to ow n the same piece of property, we do not want the matter settled by a duel: we turn to the law and to institutions like the courts to decide who is the real owner and to make sure that the real owners rights are respected.

　　有爭(zhēng)議就有利益糾紛，而爭(zhēng)議永遠(yuǎn)存在。有審判就有滿意不滿意，just unjust 在兩方定義不同。

　　2-法律不遵守，disobedience 會(huì)帶來危害 poses certain risks , jeopardize to

　　比如：交通左右

　　Driving would be dangerous and chaotic.

　　法律和風(fēng)俗思想情感不同：

　　Laws resemble morality because they are designed to control or alter our behavior. But unlike rules of morality, laws are enforced by the courts; if you break a lawwhether you like that law or notyou may be forced to pay a fine, pay damages, or go to prison.

　　在民主社會(huì)中，法律的作用是。但是法律有時(shí)候可以被認(rèn)為是 just 和unjust的。

　　對(duì)于不同的利益群體來說，比如污染環(huán)境的工廠，環(huán)境保護(hù)法要求進(jìn)行污染治理，增加的成本造成工資下降和失業(yè)，工人利益因?yàn)榉啥盏綋p害，認(rèn)為法律 unjust，而周圍的居民則認(rèn)為法律是 just

　　對(duì)不同文化背景和宗教背景的人來說。比如剛移民到美國(guó)的亞洲人，也許在教育孩子時(shí)侯有點(diǎn)暴力是可以的，但是當(dāng)?shù)厝丝隙ㄕJ(rèn)為這是家庭暴力。被法律懲罰的亞洲父母認(rèn)為法律是 unjust

　　但是法律不僅僅規(guī)定了行為，還給了合法的途徑去改變，廢除法律。如果 disobey 和resist ，只能降低法律權(quán)威和造成非理智的沖突，危害社會(huì)穩(wěn)定，舉剛才工廠的例子，村民與工人的沖突。

　　【題目】

　　There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws.

　　【翻譯】

　　有兩種法律：公正的和不公正的。每個(gè)社會(huì)成員都有責(zé)任遵守公正的法律，但是更重要的是，更應(yīng)該不遵守和反抗不公正的法律。

　　【提綱】

　　1、我們應(yīng)當(dāng)自覺遵守維護(hù)法律秩序，特別是公正的法律，用以維護(hù)社會(huì)的秩序，這樣一方面能夠維護(hù)社會(huì)的秩序，例如交通法規(guī)，另一方面通過約束他人保障公民自己的權(quán)利

　　2、對(duì)于不公正的法律，我們更應(yīng)該不遵守或者反抗以保證維護(hù)的正義，例如希特勒二戰(zhàn)期間屠殺猶太人的法律

　　3、然而，在實(shí)際生活中，由于價(jià)值觀的不同，我們很難正確辨別哪些法律是不公正的法律，如對(duì)于安樂死和死刑，不同國(guó)家法律有不同的規(guī)定

　　4、結(jié)論，在可辨認(rèn)的前提下，我們要堅(jiān)決遵守公正法律抵制不公正的法律

　　公正和不公正的法律

　　一、Can we?不行。不同意，for reasons having to do with subjective definition of justice, the ideal form of laws, and the principle of legislation.

　　二、公正是不好說的Fairness, a subjective judgm ent, can never be the standard of a law because everyone has a distinctive measure.

　　1.每個(gè)人都有 value system ，priorities. 殺人犯, abortion

　　2.不可能 gratify每個(gè)人, emotional, radical, chaos

　　三、法律理想的狀態(tài)

　　1.如果滿足每個(gè)人，將不再滿足抽象性。滿足每個(gè)人 unilateral 意味著ruin the integrity 和practicality

　　2. 個(gè)人 judgment 不能帶代表全部，盡管他 cries for justice

　　四、涉及到法律的原則性問題 bills are voted by the majority and after their pass, everyone is equal, which is the base of any democratic society.

　　1.法案是多數(shù)人通過的，且它通過以后，法律面前人人平等。這樣使得人們德權(quán)利得到保護(hù)，不同于奴隸封建社會(huì)，權(quán)威想干什么就干什么

　　2.Resist 意味著賦予某人 privilege，破壞法律的平等性

　　3. erudite 的Socrates

　　17T There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws.

　　 有兩種法律：公平的和不公平的。社會(huì)中的每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該遵守公平的法律，更重要的是，應(yīng)該不遵守或者違抗不公平的法律兩個(gè)assertion

　　①把法律分為公平的和不公平的過于簡(jiǎn)單。有很多內(nèi)容沒有包括。如：網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪

　　②對(duì)于公平和不公平的定義在變化。如：是否應(yīng)有死刑 ， euthanasia

　　③對(duì)第二個(gè)assertion: 確實(shí)要遵守公平的 Undoubtedly, every citizen should obey just laws, which preconditions a stable and orderly society.

　　④對(duì)不公平的要看情況， 可以反抗，同時(shí)也促進(jìn)法律進(jìn)步。Yet it is more important for individuals to resist unjust laws, for doing so will help improve the legal system of a nation.不合作主義 civil disobedience Laws and regulations are set up along with the entr enchment of a government serving as a means to control the country.

　　Since laws are built up under the power of government, which represents the public interest whereas run by a few individuals, it is qu ite possible that laws are constituted in the name of representing the majority while on the contrary in a few individuals favor.

　　Facing unjust laws, every individual has the very responsibility to re sist them.

　　No matter that whether every individual could reach an agreement on unjust or not, one point is important that we should put forward our opinions toward unjust laws.

　　17There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even mo re importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws.

　　 同意要遵守公正法律，反對(duì)不公正法律，但也有一些法律很難區(qū)分公正與否

　　1、法律是維護(hù)社會(huì)秩序的工具，只有遵守法律才能維持社會(huì)公平

　　criminal law can deal with murder, theft, adultery , or the like; economical law provides a rule for economic activity and settles the dispute between both sides of the trade; tax law makes sure that tax is handed in according to the tax standard.

　　2、當(dāng)法律傷害大部分人利益的時(shí)候，是不公正的，要反對(duì)

　　Hitler made a series of laws which could be treated as unjust laws. Under the control of Hitler and his laws, mass of the Jews were killed optionally as he liked, and no justice any more then. Still, warm hearted people in German would like to disobey the laws and hide the Jews in their house. More and more people including several judges began to resist the laws in spite of the miserable results followed.If it were not for the resisting of people to th e laws and Hitler, no succ ess would be reached.

　　3、但是現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中也有一些法律很難區(qū)分公正與否，立法者需要控制好平衡，交通事故 如果大家都被動(dòng)地遵守，勢(shì)必要犧牲一部分人的利益;如果每個(gè)人都根據(jù)自己的利益決定是否要遵守，會(huì)導(dǎo)致社會(huì)混亂;所要立法者主持公道

　　 有兩種法律：公正的和不公正的。社會(huì)中的每個(gè)人都有責(zé)任遵守公正的法律，更重要的是，不遵守和抵制不公正的法律。

　　 The argument that people in a society sh ould obey just law and disobey unjust law seems relatively sound, while after considering the intricate definition of law, the statement above is oversimplify the influence of the law upon the human world.

　　1、 首先，把法律歸類為正義和非正義太過于簡(jiǎn)單 克隆、原子彈

　　2、 法律并不像人們想象的那樣是一成不變的

　　3、 首先，正義的概念是隨著傳統(tǒng)和其他條件而變的 價(jià)值觀：墮胎 abortion

　　4、 同樣的非正義也是隨著因素而改變的 時(shí)間：違抗政府的命令;電腦犯罪

　　5、 同樣的過分強(qiáng)調(diào)人們遵守正義和抵制非正義的東西，也會(huì)造成一些問題 首先，阻礙社會(huì)民主進(jìn)程 其次，忽略了傳統(tǒng)價(jià)值觀念在社會(huì)中的作用

　　 In summary, as one of the crucial elements of modern society, the laws have to be served as the guidance for almost all the citizens to live and work in a right way and also provide them with a stabilized climate.

　　ISSUE17

　　遵守公正法律，抵抗不公正

　　1 法律，which 用來維持社會(huì)的秩序和規(guī)范人們行為，沒有絕對(duì)的公平。第一，很多法律不存在是否公平，僅僅用來定義，以方便其他條款的敘述。比如什么是成年人，什么是兒童，什么是死亡等等;另一方面，公正是一個(gè)主觀詞語，不同的價(jià)值觀看到的是不同的法律。比如死刑在某些國(guó)家來看是不可容忍的，因?yàn)槿魏稳藷o權(quán)剝奪其他人生命;而在另一些國(guó)家來說，他們的價(jià)值觀認(rèn)為殺人必須進(jìn)行償命。所以說，法律的公正與否與價(jià)值觀有很大關(guān)系。

　　2 法律的公正也與當(dāng)事人的利益有關(guān)。幾乎沒有一個(gè)法律的判決或者懲罰是另 plaintiff 和defendant完全滿意的，那么不滿意的一方必然會(huì)覺得法律不公正。比如，在交通事故中，法院根據(jù)法律條款要求被告賠償原告 1000dollars ，被告覺得太多不能接受，那么他自然會(huì)覺得法律不公平。這種不公平是無法消除的，它在不同人的 mind里不同。如果這種情況下，被告因?yàn)樗^的不公平而拒絕進(jìn)行給錢，那么等待他的是更嚴(yán)厲的判罰，法律是不允許違背的。所以說，對(duì)于不公正的法律不能夠用抵抗的方法進(jìn)行抗議。

　　3 在民主國(guó)家里，對(duì)于你認(rèn)為不公平的法律，不管是不是真的不公平，你可以采用合法合理的手段來進(jìn)行抗議。比如要求重新審理，或者引起媒體和學(xué)者們的注意，從而引起社會(huì)的廣泛關(guān)注。當(dāng)政府收到廣泛的壓力后自然就會(huì)重新研究該項(xiàng)條款，進(jìn)行修改。這樣的反抗既沒有違法，有可以達(dá)到很好的效果

　　17 有兩種法律：公平的和不公平的。社會(huì)中的每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該遵守公平的法律，更重要的是，不遵守或者違抗不公平的法律。

　　1-法律的正義不正義沒有絕對(duì)的定義 is rarely a straight forward issue

　　很多法律沒什么正義不正義

　　法律的一項(xiàng)功能：keep everything in order

　　比如：未滿十六歲喝酒，吸煙

　　未滿十八歲進(jìn)網(wǎng)吧

　　未滿二十二歲不能結(jié)婚 法定年齡 legal age: The age at which a person may by law assume the rights and responsibilities of an adult.

　　1)在不同觀念和文化中不同

　　法律的功能：to govern a society , control the behavior of its members

　　比如：該不該判死刑 death penalty

　　口香糖 chewing gum

　　安樂死 euthanasia

　　2 )在不同利益者中不同

　　法律的一項(xiàng)功能是和平解決糾紛 resolve disputes peacefully

　　This is especially true when it comes to personal affairs.

　　Even in a well-ordered society, people have disagreements and conflicts arise. The law must provide a way to resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to ow n the same piece of property, we do not want the matter settled by a duel: we turn to the law and to institutions like the courts to decide who is the real owner and to make sure that the real owners rights are respected.

　　有爭(zhēng)議就有利益糾紛，而爭(zhēng)議永遠(yuǎn)存在。有審判就有滿意不滿意，just unjust 在兩方定義不同。

　　2-法律不遵守，disobedience 會(huì)帶來危害 poses certain risks , jeopardize to

　　比如：交通左右

　　Driving would be dangerous and chaotic.

　　法律和風(fēng)俗思想情感不同：

　　Laws resemble morality because they are designed to control or alter our behavior. But unlike rules of morality, laws are enforced by the courts; if you break a lawwhether you like that law or notyou may be forced to pay a fine, pay damages, or go to prison.

　　在民主社會(huì)中，法律的作用是。但是法律有時(shí)候可以被認(rèn)為是 just 和unjust的。

　　對(duì)于不同的利益群體來說，比如污染環(huán)境的工廠，環(huán)境保護(hù)法要求進(jìn)行污染治理，增加的成本造成工資下降和失業(yè)，工人利益因?yàn)榉啥盏綋p害，認(rèn)為法律 unjust，而周圍的居民則認(rèn)為法律是 just

　　對(duì)不同文化背景和宗教背景的人來說。比如剛移民到美國(guó)的亞洲人，也許在教育孩子時(shí)侯有點(diǎn)暴力是可以的，但是當(dāng)?shù)厝丝隙ㄕJ(rèn)為這是家庭暴力。被法律懲罰的亞洲父母認(rèn)為法律是 unjust

　　但是法律不僅僅規(guī)定了行為，還給了合法的途徑去改變，廢除法律。如果 disobey 和resist ，只能降低法律權(quán)威和造成非理智的沖突，危害社會(huì)穩(wěn)定，舉剛才工廠的例子，村民與工人的沖突。

　　【題目】

　　There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws.

　　【翻譯】

　　有兩種法律：公正的和不公正的。每個(gè)社會(huì)成員都有責(zé)任遵守公正的法律，但是更重要的是，更應(yīng)該不遵守和反抗不公正的法律。

　　【提綱】

　　1、我們應(yīng)當(dāng)自覺遵守維護(hù)法律秩序，特別是公正的法律，用以維護(hù)社會(huì)的秩序，這樣一方面能夠維護(hù)社會(huì)的秩序，例如交通法規(guī)，另一方面通過約束他人保障公民自己的權(quán)利

　　2、對(duì)于不公正的法律，我們更應(yīng)該不遵守或者反抗以保證維護(hù)的正義，例如希特勒二戰(zhàn)期間屠殺猶太人的法律

　　3、然而，在實(shí)際生活中，由于價(jià)值觀的不同，我們很難正確辨別哪些法律是不公正的法律，如對(duì)于安樂死和死刑，不同國(guó)家法律有不同的規(guī)定

　　4、結(jié)論，在可辨認(rèn)的前提下，我們要堅(jiān)決遵守公正法律抵制不公正的法律

　　公正和不公正的法律

　　一、Can we?不行。不同意，for reasons having to do with subjective definition of justice, the ideal form of laws, and the principle of legislation.

　　二、公正是不好說的Fairness, a subjective judgm ent, can never be the standard of a law because everyone has a distinctive measure.

　　1.每個(gè)人都有 value system ，priorities. 殺人犯, abortion

　　2.不可能 gratify每個(gè)人, emotional, radical, chaos

　　三、法律理想的狀態(tài)

　　1.如果滿足每個(gè)人，將不再滿足抽象性。滿足每個(gè)人 unilateral 意味著ruin the integrity 和practicality

　　2. 個(gè)人 judgment 不能帶代表全部，盡管他 cries for justice

　　四、涉及到法律的原則性問題 bills are voted by the majority and after their pass, everyone is equal, which is the base of any democratic society.

　　1.法案是多數(shù)人通過的，且它通過以后，法律面前人人平等。這樣使得人們德權(quán)利得到保護(hù)，不同于奴隸封建社會(huì)，權(quán)威想干什么就干什么

　　2.Resist 意味著賦予某人 privilege，破壞法律的平等性

　　3. erudite 的Socrates

　　17T There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws.

　　 有兩種法律：公平的和不公平的。社會(huì)中的每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該遵守公平的法律，更重要的是，應(yīng)該不遵守或者違抗不公平的法律兩個(gè)assertion

　　①把法律分為公平的和不公平的過于簡(jiǎn)單。有很多內(nèi)容沒有包括。如：網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪

　　②對(duì)于公平和不公平的定義在變化。如：是否應(yīng)有死刑 ， euthanasia

　　③對(duì)第二個(gè)assertion: 確實(shí)要遵守公平的 Undoubtedly, every citizen should obey just laws, which preconditions a stable and orderly society.

　　④對(duì)不公平的要看情況， 可以反抗，同時(shí)也促進(jìn)法律進(jìn)步。Yet it is more important for individuals to resist unjust laws, for doing so will help improve the legal system of a nation.不合作主義 civil disobedience Laws and regulations are set up along with the entr enchment of a government serving as a means to control the country.

　　Since laws are built up under the power of government, which represents the public interest whereas run by a few individuals, it is qu ite possible that laws are constituted in the name of representing the majority while on the contrary in a few individuals favor.

　　Facing unjust laws, every individual has the very responsibility to re sist them.

　　No matter that whether every individual could reach an agreement on unjust or not, one point is important that we should put forward our opinions toward unjust laws.