2024年山東省高考英語二輪復習:專題整合突破二 代詞和數詞
2024年高考第二輪復習英語山東版
二、代詞和數詞
真題試做
1.(2024山東高考,21))When you are done with the book, just give it to Lucy or Helen or ______.
A.whoever
B.wherever
C.whatever
D.however
2.(2011山東高考,24)The two girls are so alike that strangers find ______ difficult to tell one from the other.
A.it
B.them
C.her
D.that
3.(2010山東高考,32)Helping others is a habit,______ you can learn even at an early age.
A.it
B.that
C.what
D.one
考向分析
1.對代詞的考查重在代詞的指代作用。高考試題的題干越來越復雜、語意越來越難理解,隱含信息多,需要結合特定語言環境中上下文的聯系,通過題目所蘊含的邏輯關系來明確代詞的指代范圍。
2.不定代詞的用法是考查的重點之一。要注意否定意義的不定代詞和肯定意義的不定代詞的區別;要明確表示整體意義和個體意義的代詞的不同。
3.it,that,those,one,ones等幾個替代詞的應用是近幾年命題的熱點。要從替代可數名詞還是不可數名詞、單數還是復數、特指還是泛指等幾個方面著手考慮,結合語境作出正確選擇。
4.it可以表示時間、天氣、距離等,還可用作形式主語或形式賓語。
5.注意由數詞構成的合成形容詞的構成方式及其作用。同時,倍數在比較句型中的應用偶有出現,不可忽視。
熱點例析
考點一:人稱代詞的用法
人稱代詞有人稱、數和格的不同。主格在句中作主語或表語;賓格在句中作賓語,但在口語中也能作表語。在省略句中單獨使用或在not 后,多用賓格。如:
—I like English.
—Me too.
—Have more wine?
—Not me.
【典例分析】 (2010四川高考,7)On my desk is a photo that my father took of ______ when I was a baby.
A.himB.his
C.me
D.mine
答案為C項。根據短語take a photo / picture of sb.以及后面從句的主語可知,應選C項。
考點二:both,all,either,each,every,neither,none的用法
1.both,either,neither 用于兩者。both意為“兩者都”;either意為“兩者中的任何一個”;neither意為“兩者中的任何一個都不”。 如:
Both the boys are clever.兩個男孩都很聰明。
Either of the two boys is clever.兩個男孩都很聰明。
Neither of the two boys is clever.兩個男孩都不聰明。
2.all,none,each,every用于多者。all意為“全部都”,指可數的東西時為復數,指不可數的東西時為單數;none意為“全都不,任何一個都不”,指可數的東西時可為單數或復數,指不可數的東西時為單數;each和every意為“每一個”,為單數,兩者都能作定語用,但each還可作主語、賓語和同位語。
All of the students are there.
All (of) the milk is there.
Every student in our school works hard.
我們學校的學生都很用功。
Each student may have one book.
每個學生都可有一本書。
Each of them has an e-dictionary./ They each have an e-dictionary.
【典例分析】 (2024課標全國高考,31)Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him,but______of them wants to,because they have work to do.
A.either B.any
C.neither
D.none
答案為C項。either和neither用于兩者,any和none用于三者或三者以上,根據Bill and Peter可知應排除B、D兩項;句中but表示轉折,所以應選否定意義的C項,表示“但是他們(兩人)沒有想去的”。
(2024江蘇高考,23)Sophia waited for a reply,but ______ came.
A.either
B.another
C.neither
D.none
答案為D項。either和neither用于兩者,范圍錯誤;another意為“另一個”,不合句意;答案為D項,none表示“一個也沒有”。句意:索菲亞等待著答復,但是沒有等到任何答復。
考點三:some和any的用法
1.表示“一些”時,some常用于肯定句;any常用于否定、疑問或條件句中。如:
If you have any questions,please ask me.
2.在疑問句中可用some,表示希望得到對方肯定的回答。如:
Would you like some coffee?
3.some可接單數名詞表示“某一個”;any可接單數名詞表示“任何一個”。 如:
I remember having read this article in some magazine.
Here are three novels.You may read any.
【典例分析】 Jane was asked a lot of questions,but she didn't answer ______ of them.
A.other
B.any
C.none
D.some
答案為B項。所選的詞應與not構成全部否定,四個選項中只有any與not可以構成全部否定,相當于none,故選B項。
考點四:復合不定代詞的用法
由some,any,no,every加上-body,-one,-thing構成的不定代詞,叫復合不定代詞。
1.some構成的不定代詞一般用于肯定句,意為“某人或某物,重要的人或事”。如:
Somebody is waiting outside.
I have something for you.
She thinks she's something since she won the prize.
獲獎之后,她覺得自己了不起了。
2.any構成的不定代詞一般用于否定句、疑問句或條件狀語從句中,意為“隨便某個人或物,無論什么人或物,什么人或物都可以”。如:
Does anybody else want to go?
There isn't anything in the box.
If anyone wants to go on the trip,register here please!
有時也用于肯定句中表示“任何人或物”。如:
Anybody can work out that simple maths problem.
You can take anything you like.
3.no構成的不定代詞意為“沒什么人或物”。 如:
I know nothing about it.
There is nobody here.
4.every構成的不定代詞意為“一切人或物,每個人或物”。everything還可表示“最重要的人或物”。 如:
Everybody enjoyed themselves on vacation.
She does everything to help her mother.
Her son is everything to her.對她來說兒子就是一切。
【典例分析】 (2024福建高考,22)—Have you figured out how much the trip will cost?
—$4,000,or ______ like that.
A.anything
B.everything
C.something
D.nothing
答案為C項。anything意為“任何事情”;everything“一切事情”;something“某事,某物,大致,左右”;nothing“沒有事情,無物”。根據空前的$4,000可知此處應用something表示“不確切的數量”,something like that“大致如此”。
(2011全國高考,11)I got this bicycle for ______:My friend gave it to me when she bought a new one.
A.everything
B.something
C.anything
D.nothing
答案為D項。根據My friend gave it to me可知,我白白得到了這輛自行車,因此用nothing;get sth.for nothing表示“白白得到某物”。
考點五:other,the other,others,the others,another的用法
1.other和the other通常作定語用;others和the others通常作主語、賓語或表語用。如:
He is willing to help others / other people.
2.other和others用作泛指,沒有明確的范圍;the other和the others為特指,有一定的范圍。如:
Twenty of the students in our class have been to Beijing.The other students / The others have not.
3.在句型one...the other...(用于兩者)中,the other可用作主語或賓語;在some...others (other...)句型中雖有一定范圍,但other(s)前不用冠詞。如:
Some of us like football,and others are fond of basketball.
4.another為泛指,與單數名詞連用。但another后可跟few或帶數字的復數名詞,相當于a few或數字加more再加復數名詞。如:
We need another five chairs / five more chairs.
【典例分析】 (2010全國高考,23)I'll spend half of my holiday practising English and ______ half learning drawing.
A.another
B.the other
C.other's
D.other
答案為B項。若將事物分為兩部分,其中的另一部分需要用the other來表示。題中意思是“用一半的假期時間練習英語,另一半的時間學習畫畫”。
考點六:不定代詞none與no one的用法
1.none意為“一個(點)也沒有”,既可指人,也可指物,可對how many和how much的提問作出簡略回答。如:
—How much water is there in the bottle?
—None.
2.no one意為“沒有人,沒有誰”,一般指人,可用來回答who提出的問題。如:
—Who is in the classroom?
—No one.
3.none后常接of介詞短語,但no one和nobody一樣后面不接of介詞短語。如:
None of the students are / is afraid of difficulties.
【典例分析】 (2024江西高考,23)My brother would like to buy a good watch but ______ was available from that shop.
A.nothing
B.none
C.no one
D.neither
答案為B項。句意:我哥哥想買一塊好的手表,但那家商店沒有一款適合的。nothing表示“什么也沒有”;no one只能指代人;題干中沒有表明那家商店只有兩款手表,所以排除neither;答案為none,表示“一個也沒有”。
考點七:it的用法
1.it可用于無人稱句,表示自然現象、季節、時間、距離、環境等。如:
It is getting warmer and warmer.
It was already ten o'clock when he arrived home.
It's ten minutes' walk from here to our school.
It's very quiet at the moment.
2.it可代替不定式、動名詞或從句作形式主語或形式賓語。如:
It's important for us to learn a second language.
We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.
【典例分析】 ______ is four years since I left my hometown.
A.It
B.There
C.This
D.That
答案為A項。此處應選It表示時間。句意:自從我離開家鄉已經4年了。
(2024四川高考,2)New technologies have made______possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost.
A.that
B.this
C.one
D.it
答案為D項。分析句子結構,have made的賓語是to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost,所以應選it作形式賓語。句意:新的技術使得在高效能低成本的前提下生產新的產品成為可能。
考點八:it,that,those,one,ones表示替代的用法
1.it用來代替前面出現的單數可數名詞,屬于“同名同物”的替代。也可替代前面提到的某種情況或某個動作以避免重復。it還可在take/like/hate/hide/appreciate/depend on等后作形式賓語,代替后面的賓語從句或不定式短語。如:
I lost my pen last week but I found it yesterday.(it代替my pen)
I hate it in summer when it is hot.
2.that用來替代前面出現過的特指的單數可數名詞或者特指的不可數名詞,相當于“the+單數可數名詞/不可數名詞”,屬于“同類異物”的替代,that后一般有限定成分。如:
The weather in Beijing is as good as that in Tianjin.(that代替the weather,后有介詞短語in Tianjin修飾)
“the+單數可數名詞”可以用that代替,用the one來代替更為常見。如:
The book is not so interesting as that/the one I bought last week.(that/the one代替the book,后有定語從句 I bought last week修飾)
3.those代替前面出現的可數名詞復數以避免重復,且表示特指,后有定語修飾,可與the ones 通用。如:
The houses of the rich are generally larger than those/the ones of the poor.
4.one只能替代前面出現過的可數名詞單數,是泛指概念,相當于“a/an+單數可數名詞”,屬于“同類異物”的替代。如:
I lost my pen yesterday.I will buy one.(one代替a pen)
The film is not so good as the one I saw yesterday.(the one代替the film,后有定語從句I saw yesterday修飾)
5.ones用來代替前面提到的可數名詞復數。the ones表示特指,常相當于those。如:
I do not like green apples.I like red ones.(ones代替apples)
【典例分析】 (2024遼寧高考,28)If you're buying today's paper from the stand,could you get______ for me?
A.one
B.such
C.this
D.that
答案為A項。句意:如果你從攤上買今天的報紙,能給我捎一份嗎?one用來替代上文提到的可數名詞單數a paper(一份報紙),表示泛指。that表示特指,不合題意。
(2024浙江高考,5)Studying Wendy's menu,I found that many of the items are similar to ______ of McDonald's .
A.those
B.ones
C.any
D.all
答案為A項。分析句子結構可知,應選those替代前面出現的復數名詞many of the items,而且是特指。
誤區警示
1.形式主語和形式賓語的誤用
(2024陜西高考,13)No matter where he is,he makes ______ a rule to go for a walk before breakfast.
A.him
B.this
C.that
D.it
【錯混透析】D 在動詞makes后面,it作形式賓語,to go for a walk before breakfast 是真正的賓語,故選D項。句意:無論在哪兒,他總是習慣在早餐前出去散步。受漢語意思的影響,該題易誤選this或that。
【解題指導】 英語中形式主語和形式賓語只能由it充當,不能使用this、that等。
2.不定代詞范圍判斷錯誤
(2024重慶高考,21)— John,when shall we meet again,Thursday or Friday?
— ______.I'll be off to London then.
A.Either
B.Neither
C.Both
D.None
【錯混透析】B 第一句要求對Thursday和Friday進行選擇,而第二句中“I'll be off to London then.”清楚地表明了那兩天都不行,所以選擇neither表示“兩者都不”。either表示“(兩者之中)任何一個都行”;both表示“兩者都”;none表示“(三者及以上)都不”。句意:—約翰,什么時候我們再見面,周四還是周五?—那兩天都不行。在那期間我要到倫敦去。如果忽視了Thursday or Friday,該題易誤選D項。