2024年山東省高考英語二輪復習:專題整合突破一 名詞、冠詞和主謂一致
2024年高考第二輪復習英語山東版
一、名詞、冠詞和主謂一致
真題試做
1.(2024山東高考,24)My first ______ of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.
A.expression
B.attention
C.satisfaction
D.impression
2.(2011山東高考,21) Take your time —it's just ______ short distance from here to ______ restaurant.
A.不填;the
B.a;the
C.the;a
D.不填;a
3.(2011山東高考,34)There's a ______ in our office that when it's somebody's birthday,they bring in a cake for us all to share.
A.tradition
B.balance
C.concern
D.relationship
4.(2010山東高考,22)If we sit near ______ front of the bus,we'll have ______ better view.
A.不填;the
B.不填;a
C.the; a
D.the;the
5.(2010山東高考,33)Those who suffer from headache will find they get ______ from this medicine.
A.relief
B.safety
C.defense
D.shelter
6.(2009山東高考,25)The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities ______ rising steadily since 1990.
A.is
B.are
C.has been
D.have been
考向分析
1.名詞不僅是中學英語的基本詞匯,也是歷年高考的“??汀?。高考對名詞的考查往往集中在名詞詞義辨析、抽象名詞具體化、名詞作定語及名詞的固定搭配等方面。
2.冠詞的題目幾乎每年都有一道,而且往往設兩個空,以增加覆蓋面和難度。高考對冠詞的考查主要包括定冠詞與不定冠詞的區別、名詞前省略冠詞的場合、特指與泛指的區分以及習語中冠詞的用法等,特別是有些題目暗含特指的意義,需要根據語境仔細體會。
3.主謂一致主要考查一些基本句型的用法。注意掌握主謂一致的三個原則,尤其是主語部分比較復雜時,要明確哪部分是真正的主語。
熱點例析
考點一:名詞詞義辨析
同義詞、近義詞甚至是形近詞有著不同的含義和適用場合,要特別注意在特定語境中準確運用詞匯和語法知識的能力。平時要努力擴大詞匯量,做題時要深入理解語境,整體把握,結合句意作出最佳選擇。
【典例分析】 (2024江蘇高考,21)—Can I help you with it?
—I appreciate your ______,but I can manage it myself.
A.advice B.question
C.offer
D.idea
答案為C項。advice意為“建議”;question意為“問題”;offer意為“提供,提議”;idea意為“想法,主意”。根據語境看出“我可以幫忙嗎?”是對方主動的提議,所以選C項。
考點二:抽象名詞具體化
抽象名詞是表示狀態、品質、情感等而沒有實物的名詞。抽象名詞具體化后變成可數名詞,前面可加不定冠詞,用來強調其具體表現形式或表示某一次短暫的動作,常意為“一次……的事情;一個……的人;一種……的東西”。如:
difficulty 困難→a difficulty 一件難事
surprise 驚訝→a surprise 一件令人驚訝的事
pleasure 愉快→a pleasure 一件樂事
failure 失敗→a failure 一位失敗者;一件失敗的事
success 成功→a success 一位成功者;一件成功的事
【典例分析】 (2024山東高考,29)Being able to afford ______ drink would be ______ comfort in those tough times.
A.the;the
B.a;a
C.a;不填
D.不填;a
答案為B項。句意:在那艱苦的歲月里能夠買得起一杯飲料將會是一種安慰。drink在此句中表泛指,指“一杯或一種飲料”;comfort作“安慰,舒適”講時,為不可數名詞,但在此用a comfort表示“一件令人安慰的事物”,comfort為可數名詞。故選B項。
考點三:名詞作定語
名詞作定語一般用單數形式,如a mountain village,stone houses;但man和woman作定語時要隨著所修飾的名詞的數的變化而變化。如:a woman doctor,two women doctors。
【典例分析】 There are more ______ teachers than ______ teachers in our school.
A.man;woman
B.woman;men
C.man;women
D.men;women
答案為D項。名詞作定語時一般用單數形式,但man和woman作定語修飾復數名詞時,也應用復數形式的men和women。
考點四:名詞的所有格
1.以“s”結尾的復數名詞所有格只加“'”。如:
the teachers' reading-room/ten minutes' walk
2.復數為特殊變化的復數名詞后加“'s”。如:
Women's Day/the Children's Palace
3.名詞并列時,所有格的形式不同,其含義不同。如:
Tom and Bob's desk 湯姆和鮑勃的桌子(共有)
Tom's and Bob's desks湯姆的桌子和鮑勃的桌子(不共有)
4.雙重所有格。
(1)當of短語所修飾的名詞前有表示數量的詞,如a/two/some/any/no等時,表示所有關系的of后加名詞所有格或名詞性物主代詞。如:
a friend of my brother's/his
我弟弟的/他的一個朋友
several students of Mr.Smith's/mine
史密斯先生的/我的幾個學生
(2)當of短語所修飾的名詞前有一個指示代詞表示一定感情色彩時,of后也用名詞所有格或名詞性物主代詞。如:
That little son of Xiao Li's/yours is really lovely.
小李的/你的那個小兒子真可愛。
This invention of the professor's/his is of great importance.
教授的/他的這項發明很重要。
【典例分析】 The ______ shoes were covered with mud,so I asked them to take them off before they got into ______ car.
A.girl's;Tom's
B.girls';Toms'
C.girls';Tom's
D.girl's;Toms'
答案為C項。根據題干后半部分的them可知第一個空應用復數的所有格girls';第二個空用Tom's表示“湯姆的”。
考點五:冠詞的基本用法
特指 泛指
表示類別 表示“一個(些)”
可數名詞單數 the book a book a book
可數名詞復數 the books books some/any books
不可數名詞 the sugar sugar some/any sugar
【典例分析】 (2024全國高考,7)He missed ______ gold in the high jump,but will get ______ second chance in the long jump.
A.the;the
B.不填;a
C.the;a
D.a;不填
答案為C項。第一個空應選定冠詞特指跳高的金牌;第二個空表示“又一次機會”,不表示特指,應用不定冠詞a。故選C項。
考點六:冠詞的省略
1.東、西方都有的節日名稱前不用冠詞,如:New Year's Day,Christmas,National Day,Army Day等;但中國的節日一般用定冠詞,如:the Spring Festival,the Mid-Autumn Festival等。
2.月份、日期前一般不用冠詞,如:in October,on March 8等。
3.三餐名詞前不用冠詞,如:have breakfast/lunch/dinner等。
但有定語修飾時需加冠詞,如:have a big breakfast,have a wonderful lunch等。
4.表示體育運動的名詞前不用冠詞,如:play football/cards/chess等;但樂器名詞前需加定冠詞,如:play the violin/the piano等。
5.表示職位、頭銜的名詞作補足語、同位語時不用冠詞。如:
He was elected chairman.
Mr. Wang,headmaster of our school,went to Japan last week.
6.一些習慣短語不用冠詞。如:at night,at first,by bus,go to bed,at table等。
【典例分析】 (2024重慶高考,24)Sam has been appointed ______ manager of the engineering department to take ______ place of George.
A./;/
B.the;/
C.the;the
D./;the
答案為D項。英語中表示頭銜、職位的名詞用作補足語或同位語時前面不加冠詞,該題manager在句中作主語補足語,所以第一個空不用冠詞;take the place of為固定短語,意為“代替”。句意:薩姆已被委任為工程部的經理來代替喬治。
考點七:習語中的冠詞
1.有些習語中習慣用不定冠詞。如:on an average,as a whole,in a hurry,make an effort,make an apology,pay a visit to等。
2.有些習語中習慣用定冠詞。如:by the hour,in the distance,by the way,catch/pull/take sb.by the hand,pat/hit sb.on the head/in the face等。
3.有些習語中習慣不用冠詞。如:in use,in trouble,at noon,day and night,shoulder to shoulder,at war,on duty,in fact,in order,under repair,have trouble/difficulty in doing sth.等。
4.有些習語中有無冠詞意義完全不同。如:
【典例分析】 (2024課標全國高考,22)Sarah looked at ______ finished painting with ______ satisfaction.
A.不填;a
B.a;the
C.the;不填
D.the;a
答案為C項。第一個空應用定冠詞,特指“完成的那幅畫”;第二個空不用冠詞,with satisfaction為固定短語,意為“滿意地”。
考點八:主謂一致
主謂一致有語法一致、意義一致和就近一致三個基本原則。
1.單數名詞、不可數名詞、不定式、動名詞或從句作主語時,謂語要用單數。復數名詞作主語時,謂語要用復數。如:
Much milk is offered to him.
Reading aloud is very important in learning English.
To nod one's head means agreement.
What they said is true.
2.and和both...and...連接并列主語時,謂語用復數。or,either...or...,neither...nor...,not only...but also...,not...but...連接并列主語時,謂語和靠近的主語一致。如:
Tom and Peter are both from America.
Both bread and butter were served for breakfast in this hotel.
Either you or I am going to answer the question.
Not only he but also his parents have been to New York.
3.當主語后跟with,along with,together with,including,but,except加另一名詞或代詞時,謂語應與前面的主語保持一致。如:
Tom together with his parents is going to New York.
Many teachers,including Mr.Wang,have been to Beijing.
4.不定代詞和疑問代詞作主語時,一般視作單數。all,most,half等作主語時,若指不可數的東西,謂語動詞用單數;若指可數的東西,謂語動詞則用復數。如:
Either of the shirts fits me very well.
Someone strange is asking to see you.
Who is on duty today?
Most of the people are against the plan.
Most of the earth's surface is covered with water.
5.集體名詞people,cattle,police等一般作復數。family,class,team,army,government,public等作為整體看待時為單數,看作組成的成員時為復數。單復數同形的sheep,deer,means等作主語時,要根據意義確定謂語的單、復數。如:
People here are all fond of football.
Men's clothing is sold in this shop.
His family has just moved to Beijing.
Hearing the news,the whole family were very happy.
Every means has been tried.
All means have been tried.
6.“many a + 單數名詞”和“more than one + 單數名詞”作主語時,謂語用單數。如:
Many a student has seen the film.
More than one person knows the secret.
7.and連接的主語分別被each,every,no等所修飾時,謂語用單數。如:
Each man and each woman has a chance to be raised in our company.
8.“分數或百分數 + of + 名詞”和“the rest of /the majority of + 名詞”等構成的短語作主語時,謂語動詞的單復數要與名詞的單復數保持一致。如:
Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.
Sixty percent of the students in our school are girls.
9.時間、重量、距離、金錢等復數名詞作主語時,謂語通常用單數。如:
Ten years is quite a long time.
10.“the + 形容詞”作主語,表示一類人時謂語用復數。如:
The rich live a happy life,while the poor live a hard life.
【典例分析】 (2024湖南高考,35)All the scientific evidence ______ that increasing use of chemicals in farming ______ damaging our health.
A.show;are
B.shows;are
C.show;is
D.shows;is
答案為D項。第一個空的主語為不可數名詞evidence,謂語動詞要用單數shows;第二個空的主語為use,謂語動詞也要用單數形式。句意:所有的科學證據都表明農業中化學品日益增長的使用正損害我們的身體健康。故D項正確。
誤區警示
1.名詞“熟詞生義”易錯點
(2024福建高考,25)—Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?
—Well,you know,English is my ______.So it is my best choice.
A.strength
B.talent
C.ability
D.skill
【錯混透析】A strength意為“力氣,力量”,還可引申為“長處,強項”,符合句意。句意:——你為什么選擇在一家國際旅行社工作?——哦,你知道,英語是我的強項。因此這是我的最佳選擇。talent 意為“天賦”;ability意為“能力”;skill意為“技能”。如果不能根據具體的語境靈活理解詞義,很難作出正確選擇。
【解題指導】
在高考試題中,有一種“熟詞生義”題型,即題目中所填的詞是考生所熟悉的,但所考查的含義卻是不常見的。這就要求考生在掌握單詞基本意義的基礎上,善于結合不同的語境去體會、感悟單詞的新義。
2.表泛指與特指時冠詞使用的易錯點
(2024四川高考,18)We are said to be living in______Information Age,______time of new discoveries and great changes.
A.an;the
B.不填;the
C.不填;a
D.the;a
【錯混透析】D 第一個空應用the對Information Age進行特指,指的是信息時代;第二個空應用a表示泛指,a time of...意為“一個……的時代”。句意:據說我們生活在信息時代,一個擁有新的發現和巨大變化的時代。該題第一個空易誤選不定冠詞,第二個空易誤選零冠詞。