Philosophers of Ancient China Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.But it was also a time when there were many great philosophers.Confucius(551 BC－479BC)is the philosopher whose influence has been the greatest.He stressed the importance of kindness，duty and order in society.Chinese society was influenced by these ideas for more than 2,000 years.

　　Mencius was a thinker whose teachings were very similar to those of Confucius.Mencius was born in 372 BC.His father died when he was young，and he was brought up by his mother.He became a student of Confucius’ s ideas，and was then given an important position in the government of a state.However，when he saw that the ruler was not following his advice，he resigned.For many years he travelled from state to state，teaching the principles of Confucius.He then became an adviser to another ruler.

　　He spent his last years preparing a book of his teachings called The Book of Mencius.Mencius believed that the reason why man is different from animals is that man is good.He taught that if the government was kind，then people would be good.He believed that people were more important than rulers，and hated the state when it treated people badly. Mozi was another teacher who was very influential.Born in 476 BC，he

　　came from a family which was very poor.He became famous for his unusual clothes and behaviour.Mozi founded the philosophy called Mohism.In some ways，his beliefs were similar to those of Confucius.For example，he considered that government was most important.As a result，he spent many years trying to find a state where people would follow his teachings.Mozi believed that all men were equal.His idea of love was different from the Confucian idea of kindness.Mozi taught that we should love all human beings and look after those who are weaker than ourselves.He hated the idea of war.Mozi died in 390 BC., 古代中國的哲學家 古代中國各諸侯國之間戰事連連，但那也是一個產生了許多很大的哲學家的時期。孔子(公元前551年—公元前479年)是最具影響力的哲學家。他強調仁愛、責任和社會秩序的重要性。這些思想一直影響了中國社會兩千多年。 孟子是一位思想家，他的學說和孔子的很相似。孟子生于公元前372年，他早年喪父，由其母親撫養成人。他繼承了孔子的思想，后來在一個諸侯國身居要職。然而，當看到統治者并不采納他的建議時，他便辭官而去。他周游列國多年，到處傳播孔子的思想。之后他成為另一個諸侯國國君的謀士。他把最后幾年時間都花在了寫《孟子》上，這是一本有關他的學說的書。孟子認為人之所以不同于動物是因為人是向善的。他教導說如果政府施行仁政，人民就會向善。他認為人民比統治者更重要，并憎恨虐待民眾的國家。 墨子是另一位極具影響力的先哲。公元前476年，他出生于一個貧困家庭。他因其與眾不同的著裝及行為而著名。墨子創立了墨家思想。在某些方面，他的思想和孔子的有些相似。例如，他認為政府最重要。因此，他花了很多年的時間試圖找到一個民眾信奉他的學說的國家。墨子認為眾生平等。他的“博愛”思想與孔子的“仁愛”思想不同。墨子教導我們要愛所有的人，照顧那些不如我們的弱者。他憎恨戰爭。墨子于公元前390年逝世。 The Industrial Revolution In Europe，in the second half of the eighteenth century，there was an important change in society.This change was called the “Industrial Revolution”．Until then Europe had been a farming society.With the Industrial Revolution，factories

　　appeared and

　　mass

　　production

　　became possible for the first time.The factories were built in towns and as a result，the population of towns and cities greatly increased. These changes became possible because of inventions such as the steam engine.This was invented in 1769 by James Watt and was the main energy source during the Industrial Revolution.At first the steam engine was used in mines，but it was soon used in factories and on the railways. During

　　the

　　Industrial

　　Revolution，factory owners

　　became

　　more powerful than land owners.Thousands of people left the countryside to work in

　　the city.Often，factory workers lived in poor and crowded conditions.From 1830 to the early 20th century，the Industrial Revolution spread through Europe and the US and then to other countries such as Japan. 工業革命 在18世紀下半葉的歐洲，社會發生了一次重大的變革。這次重大的變革被稱為“工業革命”。在此之前，歐洲是一個農業社會。隨著工業革命的來臨，工廠出現了，大規模生產首次成為可能。工廠建在城鎮里，結果城鎮及城市人口大增。 之所以會產生這些變化是因為有了蒸汽機這樣的發明。蒸汽機是詹姆斯·瓦特于1769年發明的。它是工業革命時期的主要動力。起初，蒸汽機只用于礦業，但很快被用于工廠和鐵路。 在工業革命期間，工廠主變得比土地所有者更強大。成千上萬的人離開鄉村到城市工作。通常，工廠里的工人們生活在條件艱苦、擁擠不堪的環境里。從1830年到20世紀初期，工業革命在整個歐洲蔓延并擴大到美國，繼而傳到其他國家，例如日本。

　　Philosophers of Ancient China Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.But it was also a time when there were many great philosophers.Confucius(551 BC－479BC)is the philosopher whose influence has been the greatest.He stressed the importance of kindness，duty and order in society.Chinese society was influenced by these ideas for more than 2,000 years.

　　Mencius was a thinker whose teachings were very similar to those of Confucius.Mencius was born in 372 BC.His father died when he was young，and he was brought up by his mother.He became a student of Confucius’ s ideas，and was then given an important position in the government of a state.However，when he saw that the ruler was not following his advice，he resigned.For many years he travelled from state to state，teaching the principles of Confucius.He then became an adviser to another ruler.

　　He spent his last years preparing a book of his teachings called The Book of Mencius.Mencius believed that the reason why man is different from animals is that man is good.He taught that if the government was kind，then people would be good.He believed that people were more important than rulers，and hated the state when it treated people badly. Mozi was another teacher who was very influential.Born in 476 BC，he

　　came from a family which was very poor.He became famous for his unusual clothes and behaviour.Mozi founded the philosophy called Mohism.In some ways，his beliefs were similar to those of Confucius.For example，he considered that government was most important.As a result，he spent many years trying to find a state where people would follow his teachings.Mozi believed that all men were equal.His idea of love was different from the Confucian idea of kindness.Mozi taught that we should love all human beings and look after those who are weaker than ourselves.He hated the idea of war.Mozi died in 390 BC., 古代中國的哲學家 古代中國各諸侯國之間戰事連連，但那也是一個產生了許多很大的哲學家的時期。孔子(公元前551年—公元前479年)是最具影響力的哲學家。他強調仁愛、責任和社會秩序的重要性。這些思想一直影響了中國社會兩千多年。 孟子是一位思想家，他的學說和孔子的很相似。孟子生于公元前372年，他早年喪父，由其母親撫養成人。他繼承了孔子的思想，后來在一個諸侯國身居要職。然而，當看到統治者并不采納他的建議時，他便辭官而去。他周游列國多年，到處傳播孔子的思想。之后他成為另一個諸侯國國君的謀士。他把最后幾年時間都花在了寫《孟子》上，這是一本有關他的學說的書。孟子認為人之所以不同于動物是因為人是向善的。他教導說如果政府施行仁政，人民就會向善。他認為人民比統治者更重要，并憎恨虐待民眾的國家。 墨子是另一位極具影響力的先哲。公元前476年，他出生于一個貧困家庭。他因其與眾不同的著裝及行為而著名。墨子創立了墨家思想。在某些方面，他的思想和孔子的有些相似。例如，他認為政府最重要。因此，他花了很多年的時間試圖找到一個民眾信奉他的學說的國家。墨子認為眾生平等。他的“博愛”思想與孔子的“仁愛”思想不同。墨子教導我們要愛所有的人，照顧那些不如我們的弱者。他憎恨戰爭。墨子于公元前390年逝世。 The Industrial Revolution In Europe，in the second half of the eighteenth century，there was an important change in society.This change was called the “Industrial Revolution”．Until then Europe had been a farming society.With the Industrial Revolution，factories

　　appeared and

　　mass

　　production

　　became possible for the first time.The factories were built in towns and as a result，the population of towns and cities greatly increased. These changes became possible because of inventions such as the steam engine.This was invented in 1769 by James Watt and was the main energy source during the Industrial Revolution.At first the steam engine was used in mines，but it was soon used in factories and on the railways. During

　　the

　　Industrial

　　Revolution，factory owners

　　became

　　more powerful than land owners.Thousands of people left the countryside to work in

　　the city.Often，factory workers lived in poor and crowded conditions.From 1830 to the early 20th century，the Industrial Revolution spread through Europe and the US and then to other countries such as Japan. 工業革命 在18世紀下半葉的歐洲，社會發生了一次重大的變革。這次重大的變革被稱為“工業革命”。在此之前，歐洲是一個農業社會。隨著工業革命的來臨，工廠出現了，大規模生產首次成為可能。工廠建在城鎮里，結果城鎮及城市人口大增。 之所以會產生這些變化是因為有了蒸汽機這樣的發明。蒸汽機是詹姆斯·瓦特于1769年發明的。它是工業革命時期的主要動力。起初，蒸汽機只用于礦業，但很快被用于工廠和鐵路。 在工業革命期間，工廠主變得比土地所有者更強大。成千上萬的人離開鄉村到城市工作。通常，工廠里的工人們生活在條件艱苦、擁擠不堪的環境里。從1830年到20世紀初期，工業革命在整個歐洲蔓延并擴大到美國，繼而傳到其他國家，例如日本。