2024屆高考英語二輪復習課件 第18講:長難句理解(湖南專用)人教新課標版
【基礎練習】 2. (2024·湖南卷B篇)Arriving in 1805, he wrote a letter complaining that it was a place of “mess and drunkenness”. 結構: 主句為he_wrote_a_letter,_complaining that…為非謂語動詞形式作伴隨狀語;引導賓語從句,Arriving in 1805作狀語。 【基礎練習】 譯文:他1805年到達,寫了一封投訴信,抱怨說,這是一個醉醺醺的一團糟的地方。 【基礎練習】 3. (2024·湖南卷B篇)It is also said that on occasion Byron swam naked by moonlight in the lake, which is now known as Byron's Pool. 結構:主句為It_is_also_said,that引導主語從句,naked_by_moonlight是形容詞短語作狀語,which引導非限制性定語從句修飾先行詞lake。 【基礎練習】 譯文:人們說,拜倫偶爾會在河里借著月光裸泳。這條河也就是現在聞名的“拜倫池”。 【基礎練習】 4. (2024·湖南卷C篇)The material, made from shrimp (蝦) shells and proteins produced from silk, is called “shrilk”. 結構:主句為The_material_is_called_“shrilk”. made from…是過去分詞短語作定語修飾The_material,produced from silk同樣是過去分詞短語修飾proteins。 【基礎練習】 譯文:這種名為“蝦客”的物質,是由蝦殼和絲綢構建的蛋白所組成的。 【基礎練習】 5. (2024·湖南卷C篇)Decades later, however, plastic's very durability (耐用性) is raising questions about how appropriate it is for one-time products such as plastic bags, or short-lived consumer goods, used in the home for a few years and then cast into a landfill where they will degrade for centuries. 結構:主句為plastic's_very_durability_(耐用性)_is_raising_questions,how引導介詞后的賓語從句,used…and then cast…為過去分詞短語作定語修飾前面的名詞,where引導定語從句修飾名詞landfill。 【基礎練習】 譯文:然而幾十年后,塑料的耐用性受到了質疑,那就是使用一次性的產品比如塑料袋或者一次性的消費品,在家里使用幾年之后扔到垃圾堆里好幾個世紀才能降解合理嗎? 第18講
長難句理解
*
(2024·湖南卷A篇)
…
I pulled out my phone to read a text message from my mom saying that we were leaving for Christmas shopping for him when I came across a message on my phone that I had locked.
… *
56. The idea for a special gift began to form when the author was ______.
A. doing shopping
B. having a debate
C. reading a message
D. leaving for Wyoming
C 該題正確答案就是根據這一長句推斷的。該句的主干是I pulled out my phone to read a text message from my mom,而saying that we were leaving for Christmas shopping for him是Verb-ing短語作定語修飾主干中的名詞a text message;when I came across a message on my phone是時間狀語從句,that I had locked是定語從句修飾先行詞a message。由此可知答案為C。 思路點撥
在閱讀理解中,考生會經常碰到許多結構復雜的句子,也就是所謂的長難句。命題者在句子理解難度上大做文章,無非是想通過增加句子長度和使用復雜結構來干擾考生正常的閱讀習慣和思維方式,從而達到考查考生綜合閱讀能力的目的。長難句在閱讀理解中容易給考生造成閱讀障礙,形成一種心理壓力,使考生失分。
一、長難句的基本特征
(一) 含多重從句和修飾語的復合句。
這些句子往往較長,一個從句套著另一個從句,環環相扣,使得考生不明白整個句子結構。考生應通過仔細分析找出主干和修飾成分,這樣整個句子結構就清晰了。
(二) 分隔結構和成分省略的干擾。
為了調整語氣和增加補充信息,更主要的是為了平衡句子結構,避免頭重腳輕,使語義嚴密,結構緊湊,英語中將語法關系密切的兩個句子成分用其他語法成分分隔開來,這就是所謂的分隔結構。考試中出現較多的是插入語、用破折號插入的新話題或補充信息。此外,還有一些句子成分(一般是定語)過長而出現后置,只不過它只是句子原有成分位置的調整,沒有新增信息。
省略主要是為了避免重復,突出關鍵詞并使上下文緊密連接。成分省略一般和從句相結合,一正一反,使句子富于變化,增強表現力。
(三)正常語序的改變。
改變語序主要指倒裝句式。這些句子往往和一些副詞、連詞相關,有明顯的標志。
當然,被動句、雙重否定句等句式在閱讀考試中也屢屢出現。希望考生能結合閱讀實踐來體會上述句法特征。
二、長難句的理解技巧
一般說來,長難句理解主要采用“主干成分分析法”,按“先干后枝”的原則處理,即按“主句→從句→修飾語”的順序進行。具體步驟如下:
第一步:整句結構分析。
通過語法分析,迅速弄清整個句子的結構,把握住句子的基本框架,確定整個句子是簡單句、并列句還是復合句。 例句:“I felt there was a need for a book like this.” she says. “I didn't want to lecture, but I wanted other diabetics to know that things get better when we're self-controlled and do our part in managing the disease.”
分析:整個句子是個簡單句,即:she says “…”。只不過,前后兩個引號為兩個并列的賓語從句。第一處引號“I felt there was a need for a book like this.”的主語為I,felt后跟了一個賓語從句“there was a need for a book like this”。第二處引號“I didn't want to lecture, but…managing the disease.”由but連接兩個分句,第二個分句有主句I wanted other diabetics to know…, 賓語從句that things get better 及時間狀語從句when we're self-controlled and do our part in managing the disease。
第二步:主干成分確定。
找出句子的核心成分,確定主句的主語和謂語。
例句:Miss Germaine's mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr. Cordell's parents are reported to be less than delighted.
分析:本句由兩個分句組成,and連接兩個并列單句。句意: Germaine小姐的母親在整個婚禮過程中看上去很焦慮,Cordell先生的父母親據報道也不開心。
第三步:從句功能分析。
找出句中從句的引導詞,分析從句類型(是否為定語從句、名詞性從句或狀語從句等)和從句之間及從句和主句之間的關系。
例句:Whereas a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage,it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa. 分析:whereas引導了一個從句,即 a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, 而it wasn't unusual to hear a…if he could sleep on the sofa.為主句,其中it為形式主語,真正的主語為不定式 to hear a man…。省略to的不定式say作賓語補足語,say后面接了一個賓語從句he didn't know,know后面又接了一個賓語從句his friend's marriage was in serious trouble和時間狀語從句until he appeared one night,現在分詞短語asking 作伴隨狀語,asking 后面又接了一個賓語從句if he could sleep on the sofa。 句意:一個女人最親密的女友,很可能第一個奉勸她結束不幸的婚姻。然而,我們常聽到男人說,他是在朋友突然來到自己家里并要求睡在沙發上時,才明白朋友的婚姻有了麻煩。
第四步:短語功能分析。
找出非謂語動詞短語、介詞短語、形容詞短語、名詞短語等短語,分析其功能以及它們與謂語動詞/非謂語動詞/從句/主句之間的關系等。
例句:If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn't even speak English — William the Conqueror.
分析:首先找出并列復合句,即but連接的兩個句子,再看but前的并列句中有一個if引導的條件狀語從句,but后的并列句中有一個who引導的定語從句,修飾a man。句意:如果你要求別人說出對英語的影響最大的人,你可能會得到像“Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”和 “Webster”之類的答案。但是與一個甚至不會說英語的人——“征服者”William相比,這些人就毫無影響力了。 【基礎練習】 【基礎練習】 譯文: 在看到父親打開仔細鑲嵌于一個廉價框架,并看到那些龍飛鳳舞的黑色文字時的表情的那一刻,我就知道我送的禮物非常完美了。 翻譯并分析下列句子的結構:
1. (2024·湖南卷A篇)The minute I saw the look on my dad's face as he unwrapped those swirling black letters carefully placed in a cheap frame, I knew I had given the perfect gift.
結構: 主句為I_knew_I_had_given_the_perfect_gift,The_minute引導時間狀語從句,as引導方式狀語從句,carefully placed in a cheap frame為過去分詞短語作定語修飾名詞letters。
【基礎練習】 2. (2024·湖南卷B篇)Arriving in 1805, he wrote a letter complaining that it was a place of “mess and drunkenness”. 結構: 主句為he_wrote_a_letter,_complaining that…為非謂語動詞形式作伴隨狀語;引導賓語從句,Arriving in 1805作狀語。 【基礎練習】 譯文:他1805年到達,寫了一封投訴信,抱怨說,這是一個醉醺醺的一團糟的地方。 【基礎練習】 3. (2024·湖南卷B篇)It is also said that on occasion Byron swam naked by moonlight in the lake, which is now known as Byron's Pool. 結構:主句為It_is_also_said,that引導主語從句,naked_by_moonlight是形容詞短語作狀語,which引導非限制性定語從句修飾先行詞lake。 【基礎練習】 譯文:人們說,拜倫偶爾會在河里借著月光裸泳。這條河也就是現在聞名的“拜倫池”。 【基礎練習】 4. (2024·湖南卷C篇)The material, made from shrimp (蝦) shells and proteins produced from silk, is called “shrilk”. 結構:主句為The_material_is_called_“shrilk”. made from…是過去分詞短語作定語修飾The_material,produced from silk同樣是過去分詞短語修飾proteins。 【基礎練習】 譯文:這種名為“蝦客”的物質,是由蝦殼和絲綢構建的蛋白所組成的。 【基礎練習】 5. (2024·湖南卷C篇)Decades later, however, plastic's very durability (耐用性) is raising questions about how appropriate it is for one-time products such as plastic bags, or short-lived consumer goods, used in the home for a few years and then cast into a landfill where they will degrade for centuries. 結構:主句為plastic's_very_durability_(耐用性)_is_raising_questions,how引導介詞后的賓語從句,used…and then cast…為過去分詞短語作定語修飾前面的名詞,where引導定語從句修飾名詞landfill。 【基礎練習】 譯文:然而幾十年后,塑料的耐用性受到了質疑,那就是使用一次性的產品比如塑料袋或者一次性的消費品,在家里使用幾年之后扔到垃圾堆里好幾個世紀才能降解合理嗎? 第18講
長難句理解
*
(2024·湖南卷A篇)
…
I pulled out my phone to read a text message from my mom saying that we were leaving for Christmas shopping for him when I came across a message on my phone that I had locked.
… *
56. The idea for a special gift began to form when the author was ______.
A. doing shopping
B. having a debate
C. reading a message
D. leaving for Wyoming
C 該題正確答案就是根據這一長句推斷的。該句的主干是I pulled out my phone to read a text message from my mom,而saying that we were leaving for Christmas shopping for him是Verb-ing短語作定語修飾主干中的名詞a text message;when I came across a message on my phone是時間狀語從句,that I had locked是定語從句修飾先行詞a message。由此可知答案為C。 思路點撥
在閱讀理解中,考生會經常碰到許多結構復雜的句子,也就是所謂的長難句。命題者在句子理解難度上大做文章,無非是想通過增加句子長度和使用復雜結構來干擾考生正常的閱讀習慣和思維方式,從而達到考查考生綜合閱讀能力的目的。長難句在閱讀理解中容易給考生造成閱讀障礙,形成一種心理壓力,使考生失分。
一、長難句的基本特征
(一) 含多重從句和修飾語的復合句。
這些句子往往較長,一個從句套著另一個從句,環環相扣,使得考生不明白整個句子結構。考生應通過仔細分析找出主干和修飾成分,這樣整個句子結構就清晰了。
(二) 分隔結構和成分省略的干擾。
為了調整語氣和增加補充信息,更主要的是為了平衡句子結構,避免頭重腳輕,使語義嚴密,結構緊湊,英語中將語法關系密切的兩個句子成分用其他語法成分分隔開來,這就是所謂的分隔結構。考試中出現較多的是插入語、用破折號插入的新話題或補充信息。此外,還有一些句子成分(一般是定語)過長而出現后置,只不過它只是句子原有成分位置的調整,沒有新增信息。
省略主要是為了避免重復,突出關鍵詞并使上下文緊密連接。成分省略一般和從句相結合,一正一反,使句子富于變化,增強表現力。
(三)正常語序的改變。
改變語序主要指倒裝句式。這些句子往往和一些副詞、連詞相關,有明顯的標志。
當然,被動句、雙重否定句等句式在閱讀考試中也屢屢出現。希望考生能結合閱讀實踐來體會上述句法特征。
二、長難句的理解技巧
一般說來,長難句理解主要采用“主干成分分析法”,按“先干后枝”的原則處理,即按“主句→從句→修飾語”的順序進行。具體步驟如下:
第一步:整句結構分析。
通過語法分析,迅速弄清整個句子的結構,把握住句子的基本框架,確定整個句子是簡單句、并列句還是復合句。 例句:“I felt there was a need for a book like this.” she says. “I didn't want to lecture, but I wanted other diabetics to know that things get better when we're self-controlled and do our part in managing the disease.”
分析:整個句子是個簡單句,即:she says “…”。只不過,前后兩個引號為兩個并列的賓語從句。第一處引號“I felt there was a need for a book like this.”的主語為I,felt后跟了一個賓語從句“there was a need for a book like this”。第二處引號“I didn't want to lecture, but…managing the disease.”由but連接兩個分句,第二個分句有主句I wanted other diabetics to know…, 賓語從句that things get better 及時間狀語從句when we're self-controlled and do our part in managing the disease。
第二步:主干成分確定。
找出句子的核心成分,確定主句的主語和謂語。
例句:Miss Germaine's mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr. Cordell's parents are reported to be less than delighted.
分析:本句由兩個分句組成,and連接兩個并列單句。句意: Germaine小姐的母親在整個婚禮過程中看上去很焦慮,Cordell先生的父母親據報道也不開心。
第三步:從句功能分析。
找出句中從句的引導詞,分析從句類型(是否為定語從句、名詞性從句或狀語從句等)和從句之間及從句和主句之間的關系。
例句:Whereas a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage,it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa. 分析:whereas引導了一個從句,即 a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, 而it wasn't unusual to hear a…if he could sleep on the sofa.為主句,其中it為形式主語,真正的主語為不定式 to hear a man…。省略to的不定式say作賓語補足語,say后面接了一個賓語從句he didn't know,know后面又接了一個賓語從句his friend's marriage was in serious trouble和時間狀語從句until he appeared one night,現在分詞短語asking 作伴隨狀語,asking 后面又接了一個賓語從句if he could sleep on the sofa。 句意:一個女人最親密的女友,很可能第一個奉勸她結束不幸的婚姻。然而,我們常聽到男人說,他是在朋友突然來到自己家里并要求睡在沙發上時,才明白朋友的婚姻有了麻煩。
第四步:短語功能分析。
找出非謂語動詞短語、介詞短語、形容詞短語、名詞短語等短語,分析其功能以及它們與謂語動詞/非謂語動詞/從句/主句之間的關系等。
例句:If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn't even speak English — William the Conqueror.
分析:首先找出并列復合句,即but連接的兩個句子,再看but前的并列句中有一個if引導的條件狀語從句,but后的并列句中有一個who引導的定語從句,修飾a man。句意:如果你要求別人說出對英語的影響最大的人,你可能會得到像“Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”和 “Webster”之類的答案。但是與一個甚至不會說英語的人——“征服者”William相比,這些人就毫無影響力了。 【基礎練習】 【基礎練習】 譯文: 在看到父親打開仔細鑲嵌于一個廉價框架,并看到那些龍飛鳳舞的黑色文字時的表情的那一刻,我就知道我送的禮物非常完美了。 翻譯并分析下列句子的結構:
1. (2024·湖南卷A篇)The minute I saw the look on my dad's face as he unwrapped those swirling black letters carefully placed in a cheap frame, I knew I had given the perfect gift.
結構: 主句為I_knew_I_had_given_the_perfect_gift,The_minute引導時間狀語從句,as引導方式狀語從句,carefully placed in a cheap frame為過去分詞短語作定語修飾名詞letters。