專題14 閱讀理解

　　【熱點(diǎn)突破】

　　直接信息題的選項(xiàng)中多采用原文中的信息進(jìn)行直接考查。在做題時(shí)考生迅速找到原文中與題干who，what，when，where，why，how 等提問(wèn)。此類題目相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單只要考生認(rèn)真細(xì)心得分就會(huì)比較容易。

　　(2024·高考全國(guó)卷閱讀理解A)Monthly Talks at London Canal Museum

　　Our monthly talks start at 19：30 on the first Thursday of each month except August.Admission is at normal charges and you don’t need to book.They end around 21：00.November

　　7th

　　The Canal Pioneers，by Chris Lewis.James Brindley is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers.He was also a major player in training others in the art of canal planning and building.

　　Chris Lewis will explain how Brindley made such a positive contribution to the education of that group of early “civil engineers”．December 5th

　　Ice for the Metropolis，by Malcolm Tucker.Well before the arrival of freezers，there was a demand for ice for food preservation and catering.Malcolm will explain the history of importing natural ice and the technology of building ice wells，and how London’s ice trade grew.

　　February

　　6th

　　An Update on the Cotswold Canals，by Liz Payne.The Stroudwater Canal is moving towards reopening.The Thames and Severn Canal will take a little longer.We will have a report on the present state of play.

　　March

　　6th

　　Eyots and Aits—Thames Islands，by Miranda Vickers.The Thames has many islands.Miranda has undertaken a review of all of them.She will tell us about those of greatest interest.

　　Online bookings：www.canalmuseum.org.uk/bookMore info：www.canalmuseum.org.uk/whatsonLondon Canal Museum

　　12－13 New Wharf RoadI 9RT

　　www.canalmuseum.org.ukwww.canalmuseum.mobi：020 7713 0836

　　本文為一篇應(yīng)用文。介紹了英國(guó)的London Canal Museum分別在十一月、十二月、二月和三月舉行的四次monthly talks的相關(guān)信息包括名稱、主講人、主要內(nèi)容并附加介紹了具體聯(lián)系方式等信息。

　　21When is the talk on James Brindley?________

　　A．February 6th.

　　B．March 6th.

　　C．November 7th.

　　D．December 5th.

　　22．What is the topic of the talk in February? ________

　　A．The Canal Pioneers.

　　B．Ice for the Metropolis.

　　C．Eyots and Aits—Thames Islands.

　　D．An Update on the Cotswold Canals.

　　23．Who will give the talk on the islands in the Thames? ________

　　A．Miranda Vickers.

　　B．Malcolm Tucker.

　　C．Chris Lewis.

　　D．Liz Payne.

　　【特別提醒】

　　在解答這類題時(shí)，考生可以采取“關(guān)鍵詞定位法”，即“帶著問(wèn)題找答案”的方法，通過(guò)定位找題點(diǎn)。先從題干中提取關(guān)鍵性詞語(yǔ)(題眼)，然后以此為線索，運(yùn)用略讀及查讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此問(wèn)題相關(guān)的段落、語(yǔ)句，快速定位該題與哪一段哪一句有關(guān)，然后仔細(xì)推敲，仔細(xì)比較所給選項(xiàng)與文中細(xì)節(jié)的細(xì)微區(qū)別，在準(zhǔn)確理解細(xì)節(jié)的前提下，最后確定答案。

　　【熱點(diǎn)突破】

　　根據(jù)近幾年的高考題來(lái)看高考細(xì)節(jié)理解題的答案的得出通常需要考生對(duì)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行一定的處理即需要將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語(yǔ)意上的轉(zhuǎn)換兩者存在表達(dá)上的差異有時(shí)需要進(jìn)行加工或整理方能得出結(jié)論。

　　(2024·高考全國(guó)卷閱讀理解B節(jié)選)Disappointed by many a broken－ripened(蔓上成熟的) promiser how attractive they look in the store，once I get them home they’re unfailingly dry，hard，and tasteless.But I homed in，with uncertainty，on one particular table at the Brown’s Grove Farm’s stand，full of fresh and soft tomatoes the size of my fist.These were the real deal—and at that moment，

　　I realized that the best part of Sarasota in winter was going to be eating things that back home in New York I wouldn’t be experiencing again for months.

　　26．What can we learn about tomatoes sold in New York in winter?________

　　A．They are soft.

　　B．They look nice.

　　C．They taste great.

　　D．They are juicy.

　　【特別提醒】

　　語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)換題屬于中檔難度題，分?jǐn)?shù)比例較大。命題者在出此類題時(shí)慣用“偷梁換柱、張冠李戴”的方法來(lái)迷惑考生，即對(duì)原句細(xì)微處做改動(dòng)，截取原文詞語(yǔ)或結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改造，因果倒置，把A觀點(diǎn)說(shuō)成B觀點(diǎn)等。所以正確理解題干和信息句的意義是解題的關(guān)鍵。常見(jiàn)干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)：(1)將原文內(nèi)容擴(kuò)大或縮小。把原文中的限定詞去掉或替換，使該選項(xiàng)看似正確，實(shí)際上卻是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。(2)無(wú)中生有。即選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容是根據(jù)主觀想象或推測(cè)得出結(jié)論，而文中并未涉及。(3)偷換概念。把原來(lái)做該事的“張三”換成“李四”，而所述細(xì)節(jié)卻與原文一致，一不小心就會(huì)誤選。(4)文不對(duì)題。這類選項(xiàng)最不容易辨別，選項(xiàng)中的描述與原文完全一致，確實(shí)屬于原文中的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，這時(shí)要回到題干，看該選項(xiàng)是否能回答題干所提的問(wèn)題。(5)符合常識(shí)，但不是文章內(nèi)容。(6)部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤。

　　【熱點(diǎn)突破】

　　細(xì)節(jié)推斷題是推理判斷題中比較簡(jiǎn)單的一類試題，它要求考生根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇中具體的內(nèi)容和信息點(diǎn)，推斷出文章中具體的細(xì)節(jié)，如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系、人物身份、事件等。解答此類試題時(shí)，一般可根據(jù)短文所提供的信息或者借助生活常識(shí)進(jìn)行推理判斷。考生只要正確把握文章的內(nèi)在關(guān)系，理解文章的真正含義，就可作出準(zhǔn)確的推斷。

　　(2024·高考天津卷閱讀理解C節(jié)選)I never told my mother about my “miraculous”(奇跡般experience that summer，but she saw a slow but remarkable improvement in my classroom performance during the next year.And years later，she was proud that her son had read thousands of books，was awarded a PhD in literature，and authored his own books，articles，poetry and fiction.The power of the words has held.

　　49．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?_______

　　A．The author has become a successful writer.

　　B．The author’s mother read the same book.

　　C．The author’s mother rewarded him with books.

　　D．The author has had happy summers ever since.

　　【特別提醒】對(duì)于細(xì)節(jié)推斷題來(lái)說(shuō)根據(jù)文章中的關(guān)鍵信息點(diǎn)進(jìn)行推斷是解答此類試題的關(guān)鍵。考生不但要理解文章的字面含義還要運(yùn)用邏輯判斷能力推斷出文章更深層的含義。同時(shí)還要根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推斷不能憑空猜測(cè)。考生要注意站在文章作者或文中

　　【熱點(diǎn)突破】

　　該類型題目考查考生是否了解文中作者或文中人物對(duì)某事物所持的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度。要求考生具有在正確理解文意的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度傾向進(jìn)行分析、識(shí)別的能力。該類型題目的選項(xiàng)一般含有以下三類詞uninterested(不感興趣的)(中立的)(漠不關(guān)心的)等；褒義詞：positive(積極的)(支持的)(滑稽有趣的)(熱情的)(贊賞的)等；貶義詞：disgusted(厭惡的)(批評(píng)的)(否定的消極的)(失望的)等。(2024·高考湖北卷閱讀E，節(jié)選)On the wholeabove the rest.I enjoyed，for instance，the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own.While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters，the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere.These problems partly involve Brooks’s attempt to translate his tale into science.

　　69．What is the author’s general attitude towards the book? _______

　　A．Contradictory.

　　B．Supportive.

　　C．Cautious.

　　D．Critical.

　　【特別提醒】

　　如何解答“心思難猜”的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度類推理判斷題？

　　1．一般來(lái)說(shuō)，作者對(duì)某一事物的態(tài)度往往較為明確，要么支持，要么反對(duì)，帶中立色彩的詞語(yǔ)通常是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，作 者 既 然寫(xiě)文章就不會(huì)不關(guān)心；

　　2．正確把握文章字里行間的意思，切勿用自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn)；

　　3．因?yàn)樽髡咄恢苯犹岢鲎约旱膽B(tài)度或立場(chǎng)，而且作者寫(xiě)作時(shí)也常帶有某種傾向性，所以，考生在讀文章時(shí)要細(xì)心 捕捉表達(dá)或暗示情感態(tài)度的詞語(yǔ)，捕捉那些烘托氣氛、表達(dá) 情感的語(yǔ)句。

　　4．要學(xué)會(huì)區(qū)分不同的觀點(diǎn)，尤其要善于找出作者的觀點(diǎn)。

　　考生要注意文中出現(xiàn)的直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)，出現(xiàn)的觀點(diǎn)一般是當(dāng)事人的觀點(diǎn)，而不是作者的觀點(diǎn)。作者的觀點(diǎn)一般用in my view，in my opinion，personally， I think，I hold 等引出。

　　【熱點(diǎn)突破】

　　該題型著重考查考生根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義的能力這也是一個(gè)從“已知”得出“未知”的過(guò)程即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是該詞或短語(yǔ)前后的句子)進(jìn)行推理有時(shí)還需要依靠常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義。考查范圍涉及

　　(2024·高考北京卷閱讀理解C節(jié)選)The objects around you are visible because they interact with light.Light typically travels in a straight line.But some materials slow and scatter(散射) lighto you can see it easily.

　　64．The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means ________．

　　A．silently

　　B．gradually

　　C．regularly

　　D．completely

　　【特別提醒】

　　對(duì)于此類題目我們可以借助下面這些方法來(lái)答題：(1)“拆 猜”并用來(lái)解決問(wèn)題：閱讀中常常會(huì)遇到一些由熟悉的單詞派生或合成的新詞。此時(shí)可以用“拆猜”的方式，先把該詞的各種詞綴或前后兩個(gè)合成部分拆開(kāi)，再結(jié)合我們掌握的構(gòu)詞法知識(shí),根據(jù)中心詞的含義和詞綴的含義猜測(cè)其意思。(2)根據(jù)定義或解釋猜詞：如果生詞后有一個(gè)句子(定語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句)或段落來(lái)對(duì)其下定義，或使用破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)后的內(nèi)容和引號(hào)、括號(hào)中的內(nèi)容加以解釋和定義，那么理解這個(gè)句子或段落就可以推斷詞義。

　　(3)根據(jù)同義詞和反義詞猜詞：在單詞所出現(xiàn)的上下文中，有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)與之同義或反義的詞語(yǔ)或結(jié)構(gòu)，這時(shí)考生可從熟悉的詞語(yǔ)中推測(cè)其含義。(4)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜詞：該方法是根據(jù)前后的因果關(guān)系來(lái)推斷某個(gè)生詞或短語(yǔ)的意思。可由表示原因的句意推測(cè)出表示結(jié)果的句子中的某個(gè)生詞或短語(yǔ)的意思；也可由表示結(jié)果的句意推測(cè)出表示原因的句子中的某個(gè)生詞或短語(yǔ)的意思。(5)根據(jù)語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)折猜詞：有時(shí)作者為了增強(qiáng)表達(dá)效果，在文章中會(huì)用一些表示轉(zhuǎn)折意思的連詞、副詞或短語(yǔ)，如： though，although，but，yet，instead， however，while，rather than 等，考生可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折的語(yǔ)境猜測(cè)詞義。

　　【熱點(diǎn)突破】

　　代詞指代題要求考生依據(jù)語(yǔ)境的邏輯關(guān)系判斷畫(huà)線的人稱代詞或指示代詞在文章中指代的對(duì)象包括考查itthey/them(指代人、物、事件的復(fù)數(shù)名詞)等人稱代詞的指代意義以及指示代詞this等在文章中的指代意義以考查考生對(duì)文章中敘述的特定的人、物、事件的再認(rèn)能力。

　　(2024·高考重慶卷閱讀理解D節(jié)選)Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventureave a reputation for providing a great riding experience.

　　48．What does the underlined word “They” refer to?

　　_________

　　A．Flooded waters.

　　B．Wildlife journeys.

　　C．Safari camps.

　　D．Unique rides.

　　【特別提醒】解答代詞指代題時(shí)我們要認(rèn)真閱讀畫(huà)線詞所在句和前后鄰近句的內(nèi)容分析人稱轉(zhuǎn)換和動(dòng)作變換的詳細(xì)過(guò)程理清其來(lái)龍去脈和前后的因果關(guān)系從而準(zhǔn)確推斷其指代的對(duì)象。因此理解上下文(特別是上句)的意思和代詞所在句的意思是解題的關(guān)鍵。

　　【熱點(diǎn)突破】

　　段落大意是指一篇文章各個(gè)段落的主要意思是對(duì)一個(gè)段落的基本內(nèi)容的簡(jiǎn)縮和初步的概括。概括段落大意時(shí)一定要在把握全段或全文中心的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行做到圍中心注意連貫同時(shí)還要注意段落大意是否與全篇相稱。段落大意要用明確、完整、簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)句表達(dá)。(2024·高考福建卷閱讀理解E節(jié)選)Group exercise is one of the most effective ways to improve physical fitness and sustain(保持a healthy lifestyle.Group exercise is challenging，yet fun and empowering！Of course everyone knows that exercise is good for the body.However(內(nèi)啡肽)y，group exercise creates a community feel and the shared common goal motivates participants to work hard.The instrumental support of taking on a fitness journey with others proves more effective than going to the gym alone.

　　72．The first paragraph focuses on ________．

　　A．the greatest challenge of group exercise

　　B．the most effective way to improve physical fitness

　　C．the contribution of group exercise to psychological health

　　D．the shared common goal in performing exercise in groups

　　【特別提醒】每個(gè)段落通常都有一個(gè)中心段落主題句通常會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段落的首句或尾句有時(shí)也會(huì)

　　【熱點(diǎn)突破】

　　文章的主旨是通過(guò)段落來(lái)表達(dá)的而段落

　　(2024·高考重慶卷閱讀理解A節(jié)選)At thirteen(診斷) with a kind of attention disorder. It made school difficult for me.When everyone else in the class was focusing on tasksttention problems.I might not be able to do it.”

　　She glanced down at me through her glasses，“You are no different from your classmates，young man.”

　　I tried，but I didn’t finish the reading when the bell rang.I had to take it home.

　　In the quietness of my bedroom，the story suddenly all became clear to me.It was about a blind person，Louis Braille.He lived in a time when the blind couldn’t get much education.But Louis didn’t give up.Instead，he invented a reading system of raised dots(點(diǎn))w world of knowledge to the blind.

　　Wasn’t I the “blind” in my class，being made to learn like the “sighted” students？My thoughts spilled out and my pen started to dance.I completed the task within 40 minutes.

　　Indeed；I just needed a quieter place.If Louis could find his way out of his problems the paper were these words：“See what you can do when you keep trying？”

　　39What is the main idea of the passage?_______

　　A．The disabled should be treated with respect.

　　B．A teacher can open up a new world to students.

　　C．One can find his way out of difficulties with efforts.

　　D．Everyone needs a hand when faced with challenges.

　　【特別提醒】考生在解答文章主旨大意類試題時(shí)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)看懂文章卻做錯(cuò)題這一現(xiàn)象。因?yàn)榭忌谶x擇文章主旨大意時(shí)常會(huì)犯以偏概全的錯(cuò)誤。要避免出現(xiàn)這種錯(cuò)誤考生首先要明白自己懂的是全文的中心思想還是細(xì)節(jié)懂的是全部詞匯的字面意思還是其蘊(yùn)含的意義；然后以“三主一問(wèn)”作為解題思路。“三主”指文章的主題思想、文章的結(jié)構(gòu)主線和關(guān)鍵句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。“一問(wèn)”指根據(jù)文章后面所設(shè)的問(wèn)題來(lái)發(fā)問(wèn)：此題的考查點(diǎn)是什么？考生一定要讀懂題干這樣在閱讀文章時(shí)才能站得高看得遠(yuǎn)從而知全局。

　　【熱點(diǎn)突破】

　　標(biāo)題是文章中心思想的精煉表達(dá)形式。文章標(biāo)題既考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力，又要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、歸納、判斷等邏輯思維方法對(duì)文章的主題和中心進(jìn)行高度的概括或提煉，并迅速而準(zhǔn)確地選擇文章的標(biāo)題。考生在做標(biāo)題歸納類試題時(shí)要注意標(biāo)題的三個(gè)特性，即醒目性、概括性和針對(duì)性。

　　(2024·高考全國(guó)卷閱讀理解B節(jié)選)Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.

　　Open the curtains and turn up the lights.Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating，for people are often less self－conscious(難為情) when they’re in poorly lit places—and so more likely to eat lots of food.If your home

　　doesn’t have enough window lightMind the colors.Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.In one study，people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing，while cold colors make us feel less hungry.So when it’s time to repaint，go blue.

　　Don’t forget the clock—or the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping track of the timesize the dishes.Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat.We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12－inch plate instead of a 10－inch plate.When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one(攝入) jumps by 14 percent.And we’ll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short

　　8．What can be a suitable title for the text?_______