高考英語語法復習——代詞及其指代一致
(三)代詞及其指代一致
一.代詞的指代
1.that的指代作用
that指代不可數名詞和單數可數名詞(如是復數，用those)，后面通常跟有修飾語，如出現在比較結構中的that of。如
Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional digestive pauses by both.這里that指代前面的the role。
No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.
2.one的指代作用
one指代帶不定冠詞的單數可數名詞，復數為ones。the one指代帶定冠詞的單數可數名詞。如：
A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.
[A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this
答案為[C]
3.do的替代作用。
do代替動詞，注意數和時態的變化。如：
For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does.
二.代詞指代一致問題
代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數、格上是否一致，或者所照應的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致。
Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.
這里he指代前面的person。
It was during the 1920s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.
這里its指代前面的兩人的friendship。
Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.
這里me必須用賓格形式。
代詞指代一致必須注意以下幾個原則和規律：
1.鄰近和靠近原則
由either or, neithernor, not onlybut (also)連接先行詞時候，如果兩個先行詞在數和性上保持一致，就用其相應的一直的人稱代詞;如果兩個先行詞在數或性上不一致，人稱代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數和性上保持一致。
Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.
Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination
If either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink
2.當each, everyone, everybody, no one ,none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主語或主語的限定詞時候,或者anything, nothing, something everything等不定代詞作主語時候，其相應的代詞一般按照語法一致原則，采取單數形式。如：
Everybody talked at the top of his voice.
None of the boys can do it , can he?
Everything is ready, isnt it
3.當主語為復數形式，后跟each作同位語時，如果each位于動詞之前，其后的代詞或相應的限定詞用復數形式;如果 each位于動詞之后，其后的代詞或相應的限定詞用單數形式。如：
They each have two coats
we are each responsible for his own family
4.由and連接兩個先行詞，代詞用復數
如：the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident
(三)代詞及其指代一致
一.代詞的指代
1.that的指代作用
that指代不可數名詞和單數可數名詞(如是復數，用those)，后面通常跟有修飾語，如出現在比較結構中的that of。如
Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional digestive pauses by both.這里that指代前面的the role。
No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.
2.one的指代作用
one指代帶不定冠詞的單數可數名詞，復數為ones。the one指代帶定冠詞的單數可數名詞。如：
A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.
[A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this
答案為[C]
3.do的替代作用。
do代替動詞，注意數和時態的變化。如：
For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does.
二.代詞指代一致問題
代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數、格上是否一致，或者所照應的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致。
Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.
這里he指代前面的person。
It was during the 1920s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.
這里its指代前面的兩人的friendship。
Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.
這里me必須用賓格形式。
代詞指代一致必須注意以下幾個原則和規律：
1.鄰近和靠近原則
由either or, neithernor, not onlybut (also)連接先行詞時候，如果兩個先行詞在數和性上保持一致，就用其相應的一直的人稱代詞;如果兩個先行詞在數或性上不一致，人稱代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數和性上保持一致。
Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.
Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination
If either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink
2.當each, everyone, everybody, no one ,none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主語或主語的限定詞時候,或者anything, nothing, something everything等不定代詞作主語時候，其相應的代詞一般按照語法一致原則，采取單數形式。如：
Everybody talked at the top of his voice.
None of the boys can do it , can he?
Everything is ready, isnt it
3.當主語為復數形式，后跟each作同位語時，如果each位于動詞之前，其后的代詞或相應的限定詞用復數形式;如果 each位于動詞之后，其后的代詞或相應的限定詞用單數形式。如：
They each have two coats
we are each responsible for his own family
4.由and連接兩個先行詞，代詞用復數
如：the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident
