awintro的歸納和整理

　　1、在拿到題目后應(yīng)該找出這些：what is offered as evidence, support, or proof;

　　what is explicitly stated, claimed, or concluded;what is assumed or supposed, perhaps without justification or proof;what is not stated, but necessarily follows from what is stated。總結(jié)一下：即論據(jù)，結(jié)論，推理過程中的未加證明的假設(shè)，論據(jù)中的潛在后果。這四點(diǎn)都是需要我們盡量展示在第一段里面的。

　　2、同時(shí)，還要考慮原題目中的邏輯鏈：In addition, you should consider the structure of the argument。在這過程中更重要的是：sometimes implicit steps in the thinking process and consider whether the movement from each one to the next is logically sound。這是我們攻擊的要點(diǎn)，尤其是隱含的邏輯步驟。

　　3、在分析時(shí)：You will not be expected to know methods of analysis or technical terms.隨后在范文中可以看出，幾乎是沒有那種像那樣精確錯(cuò)誤名詞的，而只是就著錯(cuò)誤本身的邏輯進(jìn)行分析。不需要給人感覺咱們特意學(xué)過邏輯，如果拽那些名詞就給人感覺咱們特意學(xué)過邏輯，嘿嘿那既然是專業(yè)的要求也就更加苛刻了。

　　4、awintro中舉一個(gè)例子：For instance, in one topic an elementary school principal might conclude that the new playground equipment has improved student attendance because absentee rates have declined since it was installed.論證的思路為：意識(shí)到存在它因you will simply need to see that there are other possible explanations for the improved attendance,提供具體的它因 to offer some common-sense examples, 從結(jié)論考慮，怎樣才能使論證完整有力，即如何改進(jìn)and perhaps to suggest what would be necessary to verify the conclusion. For instance, absentee rates might have decreased because the climate was mild. This would have to be ruled out in order for the principals conclusion to be valid.

　　5、官方認(rèn)為的有幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵名詞需要解釋，其中analysis這個(gè)詞的解釋很重要，很多同學(xué)知道這個(gè)詞的意思是分析，但什么是分析就說得不是很清楚了。這里給出了清晰的答案：the process of breaking something down into its component parts in order to understand how they work together to make up the whole。說白了，就是把原題中的三段式論證給打拆開，逐一地進(jìn)行分析。同樣的analytical writing的核心也就是拆開原命題，分成1串邏輯鏈，然后一部分一部分地討論。

　　6、核心論證方法：找出隱含假設(shè)identify as many of its claims, conclusions, and underlying assumptions as possible;尋找它因和尋找反例think of as many alternative explanations and counterexamples as you can;加條件后討論think of what additional evidence might weaken or lend support to the claims;提出改進(jìn)方案ask yourself what changes in the argument would make the reasoning more sound。同學(xué)們以上四點(diǎn)是核心論證方法!!!所有的滿分范文中都用到了這四種方法。

　　其中，在論證時(shí)需要：think of what additional evidence might weaken or lend support to the claims。這里重要的是加上一個(gè)常識(shí)性條件后，能意識(shí)到，有些情況，是支持原命題的。這一點(diǎn)至關(guān)重要，我們是討論，要求同存異，而不是一味的批駁。

　　7、滿分作文的模式：essays at the 6 score level that begin by briefly summarizing the argument and then explicitly stating and developing the main points of the critique。先復(fù)述題目，然后清晰的表明觀點(diǎn)，然后發(fā)展。

　　8、高分作文的攻擊順序：You might want to organize your critique around the organization of the argument itself, discussing the argument line by line. Or you might want to first point out a central questionable assumption and then move on to discuss related flaws in the arguments line of reasoning.這里給出了兩種攻擊順序，根據(jù)我讀了一個(gè)多月awintro的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來看，一般官方給出的建議總是越靠后的越好越nb，正如在官方推薦issue觀點(diǎn)的時(shí)候總是把平衡觀點(diǎn)放在最后。所以這里比較好的方案是先質(zhì)疑一個(gè)核心的假設(shè)，然后再按照原文邏輯來搞。

　　9、6分作文標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：

　　A 6 paper presents a cogent, well-articulated critique of the argument and conveys meaning skillfully.

　　A typical paper in this category

　　 clearly identifies important features of the argument and analyzes them insightfully

　　 develops ideas cogently, organizes them logically, and connects them with clear transitions

　　 effectively supports the main points of the critique

　　 demonstrates control of language, including appropriate word choice and sentence variety

　　 demonstrates facility with the conventions of standard written English but may have minor errors

　　awintro的歸納和整理

　　1、在拿到題目后應(yīng)該找出這些：what is offered as evidence, support, or proof;

　　what is explicitly stated, claimed, or concluded;what is assumed or supposed, perhaps without justification or proof;what is not stated, but necessarily follows from what is stated。總結(jié)一下：即論據(jù)，結(jié)論，推理過程中的未加證明的假設(shè)，論據(jù)中的潛在后果。這四點(diǎn)都是需要我們盡量展示在第一段里面的。

　　2、同時(shí)，還要考慮原題目中的邏輯鏈：In addition, you should consider the structure of the argument。在這過程中更重要的是：sometimes implicit steps in the thinking process and consider whether the movement from each one to the next is logically sound。這是我們攻擊的要點(diǎn)，尤其是隱含的邏輯步驟。

　　3、在分析時(shí)：You will not be expected to know methods of analysis or technical terms.隨后在范文中可以看出，幾乎是沒有那種像那樣精確錯(cuò)誤名詞的，而只是就著錯(cuò)誤本身的邏輯進(jìn)行分析。不需要給人感覺咱們特意學(xué)過邏輯，如果拽那些名詞就給人感覺咱們特意學(xué)過邏輯，嘿嘿那既然是專業(yè)的要求也就更加苛刻了。

　　4、awintro中舉一個(gè)例子：For instance, in one topic an elementary school principal might conclude that the new playground equipment has improved student attendance because absentee rates have declined since it was installed.論證的思路為：意識(shí)到存在它因you will simply need to see that there are other possible explanations for the improved attendance,提供具體的它因 to offer some common-sense examples, 從結(jié)論考慮，怎樣才能使論證完整有力，即如何改進(jìn)and perhaps to suggest what would be necessary to verify the conclusion. For instance, absentee rates might have decreased because the climate was mild. This would have to be ruled out in order for the principals conclusion to be valid.

　　5、官方認(rèn)為的有幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵名詞需要解釋，其中analysis這個(gè)詞的解釋很重要，很多同學(xué)知道這個(gè)詞的意思是分析，但什么是分析就說得不是很清楚了。這里給出了清晰的答案：the process of breaking something down into its component parts in order to understand how they work together to make up the whole。說白了，就是把原題中的三段式論證給打拆開，逐一地進(jìn)行分析。同樣的analytical writing的核心也就是拆開原命題，分成1串邏輯鏈，然后一部分一部分地討論。

　　6、核心論證方法：找出隱含假設(shè)identify as many of its claims, conclusions, and underlying assumptions as possible;尋找它因和尋找反例think of as many alternative explanations and counterexamples as you can;加條件后討論think of what additional evidence might weaken or lend support to the claims;提出改進(jìn)方案ask yourself what changes in the argument would make the reasoning more sound。同學(xué)們以上四點(diǎn)是核心論證方法!!!所有的滿分范文中都用到了這四種方法。

　　其中，在論證時(shí)需要：think of what additional evidence might weaken or lend support to the claims。這里重要的是加上一個(gè)常識(shí)性條件后，能意識(shí)到，有些情況，是支持原命題的。這一點(diǎn)至關(guān)重要，我們是討論，要求同存異，而不是一味的批駁。

　　7、滿分作文的模式：essays at the 6 score level that begin by briefly summarizing the argument and then explicitly stating and developing the main points of the critique。先復(fù)述題目，然后清晰的表明觀點(diǎn)，然后發(fā)展。

　　8、高分作文的攻擊順序：You might want to organize your critique around the organization of the argument itself, discussing the argument line by line. Or you might want to first point out a central questionable assumption and then move on to discuss related flaws in the arguments line of reasoning.這里給出了兩種攻擊順序，根據(jù)我讀了一個(gè)多月awintro的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來看，一般官方給出的建議總是越靠后的越好越nb，正如在官方推薦issue觀點(diǎn)的時(shí)候總是把平衡觀點(diǎn)放在最后。所以這里比較好的方案是先質(zhì)疑一個(gè)核心的假設(shè)，然后再按照原文邏輯來搞。

　　9、6分作文標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：

　　A 6 paper presents a cogent, well-articulated critique of the argument and conveys meaning skillfully.

　　A typical paper in this category

　　 clearly identifies important features of the argument and analyzes them insightfully

　　 develops ideas cogently, organizes them logically, and connects them with clear transitions

　　 effectively supports the main points of the critique

　　 demonstrates control of language, including appropriate word choice and sentence variety

　　 demonstrates facility with the conventions of standard written English but may have minor errors